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ArticleA species-specific approach for tracing Brazilian timber origins and associated illegality risks across the supply-chain
XV World Forestry Congress, 2-6 May 2022
2022Also available in:
No results found.The rise in global demand for agricultural and forest commodities have created unparalleled pressure on forests, leading to loss of carbon, biodiversity, ecosystems services, and livelihoods. While we know more about how commodity production and trade is linked to deforestation, such connection still largely unexplored for forest degradation despite the threat rivaling or exceeding that of deforestation. Timber extraction is the largest direct anthropic driver of forest degradation and its illegal share a pervasive source across domestic and international markets. Here we seek to lay the foundations for connecting localities of production to consumption, presenting a species- specific approach to quantifying sources of illegality risk across the supply chain. By adapting material flow analyses and environmentally extended input-output models to timber originating from Brazilian native forests, we demonstrate how distinct risks can be mapped and quantified. We focus on the Amazon state of Pará; a leading producer of timber, of high-value ipê, and contested forest frontier. Data on logging permits and state-level Document of Forest Origin are used to estimate sources of illegality risk associated with overstated ipê yields, unclear forest of origin and discrepancies resulting from missing physical flows. We find that less than one fourth of all ipê volume entering supply-chains in 2017-2019 is risk-free. The area explored under logging permits and volumes entering the supply chain suggest an average yield of 1.6 m3ha-1, which exceeds the 90% percentile of reported ipê tree densities for region. Nearly a third of supply-chain flows cannot be accounted for by Pará’s state-level system. Despite important limitations to this study, it puts forward an approach that can be refined and leveraged to monitor illegally logged timber entry- points and can contribute to increased transparency in Brazilian timber supply chains. Keywords: timber illegality, forest-risk commodity, environmentally-extended input-output models, Handroanthus spp., Brazilian Amazon -
Article“Fisherfolks eat from the sea, why should we not eat from the forest?”: farmer narratives of forest conversion in Ghana
XV World Forestry Congress, 2-6 May 2022
2022Also available in:
No results found.Beyond global efforts dedicated to halting deforestation, in recent times, governments and companies are also implementing several voluntary initiatives to end agro-commodities driven deforestation. These initiatives are built on the assumptions that tropical forest loss endangers biodiversity, climate stability and forest livelihoods. While many of the assumptions hold in many ways, discussions around them tend to be dominated by governments, companies, and international organisations, neglecting the voices of subsistence farmers and forest-fringe communities (FFCs). Given that subsistence farmers contribute to about 33% of global deforestation, and that the meanings these farmers assign to their landscapes can affect conversation program outcomes, understanding FFCs perspectives about deforestation might provide new insights for effective zero- deforestation policies. Drawing on Narrative Policy Analysis, this paper traces the narratives that FFCs use to justify encroaching into protected forests to cultivate cocoa and food crops in southwestern Ghana, where restrictive deforestation policies have failed persistently. The article shows that FFCs are aware of the narratives, e.g., biodiversity, climate action, forest regulators use to legitimise forest conservation. However, they believe that their food security and quest for survival outweigh these ‘western priorities’. Besides, “the forest is finished”. The incongruity between farmers’ needs and forest regulators’ expectations complicates forest conservation attempts. Drawing on the political ecology literature, the paper argues that forest policy in the region needs to prioritise job creation and food security to have a chance at success, especially since most farmers in the region are prepared to put their lives at stake, converting forests for their daily survival. Keywords: Deforestation and forest degradation, Agriculture, Governance, Social protection ID: 3485073 -
ArticleVisitors' perception of crowding in Mount Makiling Forest Reserve ASEAN Heritage Park
XV World Forestry Congress, 2-6 May 2022
2022Also available in:
No results found.Ecotourism has been gaining popularity today due to people being more environmentally aware and along with the growth of social media, people easily find more destinations to explore. Along with its growth, the number of people starts to crowd one specific destination and that’s when a particular visitor experiences the feeling of “overcrowding”. Online survey was done where each respondent was asked to evaluate the acceptability of several use levels as shown in four computer edited photographs of the Mariang Makiling Trail (MMT). Respondents between 20 and 60 years old participated in the study. Majority have attained college level education, and male were the more frequent visitors than women. The respondents come mostly in groups and sightseeing, or nature experience was the main motivation for visiting the site. Most of the respondents said they saw about 5 to 15 other people during their visit. In terms of preferred number of visitors while engaging in recreational activities, most of them said it is acceptable for them to have at least 5-15 other people. Furthermore, they also expressed 15 other people as the maximum number of visitors they feel is acceptable for them and a higher number of visitors will make them stop visiting the area. In terms of attitude towards crowding and satisfaction, majority of the respondents enjoyed their trip in Mt. Makiling, while at the same time; most of them only feel crowded when the maximum number of fellow users based on the photographs. Other findings based on the results of this study can provide insights to decision makers to manage more effectively the arrival and flow of visitors to avoid the feeling of overcrowding for each visitor and ensure the quality of their experiences during their visit. Keywords: Sustainable forest management, Adaptive and integrated management, Recreation overcrowding ID: 3623575
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