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Book (series)Normative documentThe impact of pesticide residues on the gut microbiome and human health
A food safety perspective
2023Also available in:
With a food safety focus, a scientific literature review was conducted to characterize the current understanding about the effects of pesticide residues on the human gut microbiome and potential implications on human health and non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The main aspects analysed are (1) effects of individual or combined pesticides on the composition, diversity and function of gut microbiome using in vivo or in vitro models; (2) health implications resulting from the pesticide-microbiome interactions and underlying mechanisms; (3) establishment of causality; and (4) influence of the gut microbiome on the metabolism and bioavailability of pesticides. The research was also scoped to identify current gaps, limitations and needs for the eventual consideration of microbiome-related data in chemical risk assessment. With this work, ESF contributes to the FAO global programme on the impact of food systems on NCDs and obesity, by understanding the potential health implications of gut microbiome-pesticide interactions. The outcomes will provide information which can be used to improve nutritional strategies and food safety policies. -
Book (series)Normative documentThe impact of veterinary drug residues on the gut microbiome and human health
A food safety perspective
2023Also available in:
With a food safety focus, a scientific literature review was conducted to characterize the current understanding about the effects of veterinary drug residues on the human gut microbiome and potential implications on human health and non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The main aspects analysed are (1) effects of individual or combined drugs on the composition, diversity and function of gut microbiome using in vivo or in vitro models; (2) health implications resulting from the veterinary drug-microbiome interactions and underlying mechanisms; (3) establishment of causality; and (4) influence of the gut microbiome on the metabolism and bioavailability of veterinary drugs. The research was also scoped to identify current gaps, limitations and needs for the eventual consideration of microbiome-related data in chemical risk assessment. With this work, ESF contributes to the FAO global programme on the impact of food systems on NCDs and obesity, by understanding the potential health implications of gut microbiome-veterinary drug interactions. The outcomes will provide information which can be used to improve nutritional strategies and food safety policies. -
Book (stand-alone)Technical bookThe role of microbiome science in addressing malnutrition and noncommunicable diseases 2024
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No results found.Despite significant progress in certain areas, the world is off track for meeting global nutrition targets. It has long been known that exposure to an unhealthy (i.e. inadequate, unsafe and unbalanced) diet is a direct risk factor for all forms of malnutrition and health-related outcomes. Studies also suggest that the “dietary energy imbalance” concept (i.e. an excess of dietary energy consumed, as compared to actual energy expenditure) is far from sufficient to explain, manage and reverse the obesity epidemic and address undernutrition.A growing body of evidence shows that humans have a symbiotic relationship with the community of billions of microorganisms present in their intestines – the gut microbiome – and that this may have important implications for nutrition and health. This narrative review presents the state of knowledge regarding interconnections between the gut microbiome and human health, focusing in particular on obesity, undernutrition and diet-related NCDs. The paper also explores how changes in lifestyle and diet – especially early in life – can disturb or positively enhance the gut microbiome, and have potentially major impacts on human health (see Figure 1).It presents and discusses emerging innovations based on microbiome knowledge, and the potential implications of current evidence for actions to prevent various forms of malnutrition and related health outcomes. Major research gaps and needs, recommendations and policy implications are also addressed.
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DocumentOther documentCommodity Chain Analysis. Constructing the Commodity Chain: Functional Analysis and Flow Chart. Analytical Tools 2005
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No results found.This module illustrates how Commodity Chain Analysis (CCA) can be used starting by how to construct the commodity chain, how to develop a functional analysis and how to analyze the commodity flows (flow chart). The module starts by an introduction on commodity chain analysis as a tool and by a comparison with the other approaches of chain analysis. It then develops a way to construct the commodity chain, to specify the concept of agents. The next step deals with the functional analysis of the co mmodity chain. The last part covers the commodity flow analysis. -
Book (stand-alone)Technical studyEl Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) effects on fisheries and aquaculture 2020
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No results found.This FAO Technical Paper synthesizes current knowledge on the impact of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events on fisheries and aquaculture in the context of a changing climate. It describes the diversity of ENSO events (Chapter 2), ENSO forecasting (Chapter 3) and ENSO in the context of climate change (Chapter 4). It includes a global overview and regional assessment of ENSO impact (Chapters 5 and 6) and a focus on coral bleaching and damage to reefs and related fisheries (Chapter 7). Finally, it synthesizes the lessons learned and the perspectives for ENSO and preparedness in a warmer ocean (Chapter 10). -
Book (stand-alone)Technical bookThe future of food and agriculture - Trends and challenges 2017
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No results found.What will be needed to realize the vision of a world free from hunger and malnutrition? After shedding light on the nature of the challenges that agriculture and food systems are facing now and throughout the 21st century, the study provides insights into what is at stake and what needs to be done. “Business as usual” is not an option. Major transformations in agricultural systems, rural economies, and natural resources management are necessary. The present study was undertaken for the quadrennial review of FAO’s strategic framework and for the preparation of the Organization Medium-Term plan 2018-2021.