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Aquaculture policies in sub-Saharan Africa and its sub-regions

A comparative analysis report












Menezes, A., Chimatiro, S, Ligeon, C. & Jolly, C. 2024. Aquaculture policies in sub-Saharan Africa and its sub-regions – A comparative analysis report. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper, No. 716. Rome, FAO.




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    The policy research initiative aims to enhance the FAO capacity to support African Member Countries’ design and implementation of aquaculture policies aligned with the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the FAO Blue Transformation vision. This study examined existing aquaculture policies at the national, regional and continental levels. It aimed to identify priorities, and policy trends, and assess their coherence with the FAO Blue Transformation Roadmap. Examination of the aquaculture objectives of Blue Transformation, the African Union Policy Framework and Reform Strategy for Fisheries and Aquaculture in Africa (PFRS), and the Regional Economic Community aquaculture priorities showed broad similarities in the policy narrative and overarching dimensions. Specifically, the PFRS aims to jump-start market-led aquaculture; the East African Community’s (EAC) goal is to promote investment in sustainable commercial aquaculture and effective biosecurity measures; the Southern African Development Community (SADC) aims to increase the contribution of aquaculture to local, national and regional economic growth and trade; the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) aims “to increase the profitability of environmentally and socially sound aquaculture to achieve continued sector growth”; and the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) aims to enhance aquatic organism supplies, generate income and employment, and diversify livelihoods.
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    Public–private partnership innovations for aquaculture development with a focus on sub-Saharan Africa 2024
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    This document indicates that sub-Saharan Africa presents investment opportunities for partnering with governments in infrastructure development, including road networks and energy supply systems, which can improve access to remote aquaculture sites and reduce production costs. Partnerships can also be established to build and/or maintain much-needed infrastructure, such as fish processing facilities, cold storage facilities and port facilities, as these facilities can improve efficiency and productivity in aquaculture. Moreover, there is a need to upgrade farming technologies through investing in more knowledge and capital-intensive production systems; PPPs can play an important role in this regard. Accessing international markets requires certification of fish and fishery products. This is yet another opportunity for PPPs to provide testing and certification services.Public–private partnerships hold great potential for enhancing the benefits of aquaculture in sub-Saharan Africa. However, the lack or weakness of regulations constitutes a bottleneck to the establishment of PPPs in aquaculture. Another significant obstacle is the existence of unclear guidelines, which can lead to uncertainties about compliance and hamper the success of partnerships. Additionally, the high costs of borrowing money, arising mainly from elevated interest rates associated with borrowing funds for PPP projects, pose a key challenge to PPPs. This issue is even more pronounced in the case of aquaculture projects because of limited knowledge among lenders and the inherent risks involved.
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    This review provides an overview of the status, trends, challenges and projections for aquaculture in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and evaluates the major trends during previous five years. While the sector still faces various internal and external challenges, the inherent natural potential of the region and rapidly increasing demand for fish has resulted in increased prioritization of aquaculture in almost all SSA countries and the African Union and subsidiary bodies have given special attention to the sector development. In order to realize its full potential, the SSA region needs to address a combination of overarching factors limiting aquaculture development so far, such as ineffective development approaches, weak governance frameworks, underdeveloped value chains and low availability as well as the high cost of key production inputs. Strengthened value chains for tilapia and catfish, promotion of new species, improved biosecurity, continued development of certification and associated harmonized best practices, improved information systems and innovations to address climate-change related impacts are some of the matters to be addressed. Financial institutions and private sector (national and international) have equally started investing, even though in the global picture such interventions may seem negligible, which makes the continent to call for more and higher levels technical and financial assistance from international partners. Upscale the status of production and productivity via healthy investments would help the sector to generate a variety of benefits including food security, livelihoods, employment, domestic and intra-regional markets, foreign currency income and other socio-economic benefits.

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