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No Thumbnail AvailableBook (stand-alone)Packaging, storage and distribution of processed milk, 1978
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No results found.FAO has been approached on several occasions by national dairy organizations for advice on systems of processing, packaging and distributing liquid milk likely to be the most suitable for the conditions in the country concerned. In such cases the authorities normally have a primary objective of making a supply of milk available to all sections of the community particularly in urban areas. A fundamental requirement for a public liquid milk supply is that it. will be safe, that is. it will not b e a medium for the transmission of organisms responsible for human disease. For this some form of heat treatment is essential. Pasteurization meets this requirement and indeed should be regarded as a basic process whatever the final product. Several well-established systems for packaging and, distributing pasteurized milk are in widespread use and are analysed in the following Chapters. Where the marketing requirements are such that an extended shelf life is necessary, for example, because the c onsumer is located far away or greater flexibility in marketing arrangements in essential. the alternative processes of in-bottle sterilization or ultra-high-temperature treatment (UHT) are in use. These processes involve special methods of packaging and in analysing the costs of these the coat of the appropriate heat treatment has also been included. Little Information on relative costs of different packaging and distribution systems for liquid milk is available, making the task of selection difficult. This publication attempts to simplify the problem by providing relevant data and methods of evaluation which could be of help In planning appropriate marketing strategies. Wealthy consumers are usually willing to pay more in return for better services - longer shelf life, more hygienic and convenient packaging - even though the basic nutritional value of the product does not change with price. A consumer with low income cannot afford luxuries and must give preference to low-cost produ cts. This may mean that he is denied a supply of safe milk unless provision Is made to meet his special needs. It may be that in come markets the milk plant should cater for different types of demand: In others only one system, probably the cheapest, could be justified. A preliminary market survey should provide the necessary indications. It should be clearly seen that local milk production cannot develop unless prices to producers are remunerative. A policy of attractive producer prices in co untries where the majority of the population is rural benefits more people than a policy of low consumer prices in urban areas. Milk is an expensive commodity and consumption of milk sold commercially at prices reflecting the true costs of production. processing and distribution in urban areas Is limited in most developing countries to consumers -
No Thumbnail AvailableBook (stand-alone)The technology of traditional milk products in developing countries 1990
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No results found.milk as a raw material. Traditional milk products are prepared from milk from several species:- indigenous cattle and exotic dairy breeds, buffalo, sheep, goats, yaks and camel. The role of the individual species varies dramatically from region to region and within countries of the same region. The composition of milk of different species has important influences on the yield of traditional milk products e.g. high fat-producing species are of major importance in countries where ghee is an i mportant product. The availability of milk for the preparation of traditional milk products depends not only on the total amount of milk produced in a country but also on how much of the milk is dispatched to industrial dairy factories and how much is retained by the milk producer for the direct use of the household, or for the preparation of milk products for local sale, or for use in calf rearing. Countries with proportionally the highest quantities of milk being used for preparation of traditional milk products on the producer's farm or household, or local small processing units tend to have the less well developed dairy industry. It should be recognised that factors such as the standard of road and rail links between the milk-producing areas and the urban areas is of importance in determining how milk is utilised. Animal breeding and feeding pose major problems to the small milk producer where traditional milk products are important and technical support services are comm only absent or insufficient. milking conditions and hygiene. The general standard of hygiene applied to milk production in developing countries is poor and as a result the quality of milk is poor. -
No Thumbnail AvailableBook (stand-alone)Solar energy in small-scale milk collection and processing 1983
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No results found.In most developing countries nutrition of the human population is a problem of great concern. In many cases it is a problem which is becoming more difficult because populations are increasing for various social and medical reasons. Milk is fundamental in human nutrition. It is the neonatal food of all mammal species and man is fortunate in that the milk of many domesticated animals can be used as an important part of his diet throughout life. Milk is a perishable foodstuff because it is an exc ellent medium for the growth of microorganisms which cause spoilage. This can be countered by various conservation processes, some traditional, and some developed by modern technology. Even at a very modest scale of operations these processes need energy. Energy from conventional sources is becoming increasingly expensive, adding to the difficulty of promoting milk collection and processing projects in developing countries. Such countries, however, usually have a wealth of solar energy which is free and inexhaustible. The cost of such energy is that required only for the apparatus necessary to collect and transform it. This book explores the possibilities of applying solar energy to small-scale milk projects. It suggests simple processing technologies which will readily be understood by those who may have social or administrative responsibilities for the well-being of a less affluent population. It also outlines the problems of harnessing solar energy and provides the necessary backg round information for those expert in this field. These problems are such that the schemes suggested must be limited to a maximum of 1 600 litres per day and thus would be applicable primarily to village communities. It is probable that this is the scale where new effort is needed and can be of the greatest benefit to the country concerned. It is hoped that this publication will interest those concerned with promoting milk production, collection and processing schemes in developing countries a nd that the information presented will help in establishing pilot development projects, possibly with external financial and technical assistance.
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