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The relations between climate change and child labour in agriculture

Evidence on children’s work trends after climate-related events in Côte d’Ivoire, Ethiopia, Nepal and Peru









FAO. 2023. The relations between climate change and child labour in agriculture – Evidence on children's work trends after climate-related events in Côte d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Nepal and Peru. Rome.




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    This paper provides insights and evidence on how the COVID-19 pandemic and related policy responses to curb its spread influence the risk of child labour in agriculture through different pathways. It draws on case studies from seven countries covering different production systems: Côte d’Ivoire (cocoa), Ethiopia (cattle keeping and farming), (Lebanon (horticulture and greenhouse farms), the Philippines (municipal fisheries), and Viet Nam (crop farming, livestock, and citrus fruit chains). Based on these evidence, the document provides concluding reflections and recommendations on priority areas regarding knowledge generation and data collection, policy responses (social protection, education), and household- and community-level responses.
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    Agricultural mechanization and child labour in developing countries
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    The FAO-IFPRI study, focuses on the use of tractors because they are among the most versatile farm mechanization tools and are universal power sources for all other driven implements and equipment in agriculture, with significant potential to replace animal draught power and human power, including children’s muscle power. Tractor use is typically also the first type of machine-powered equipment in use at lower levels of agricultural development, the context where most child labour is found. Mechanization is mostly assumed to reduce child labour, as it is expected to be labour saving in general. Yet, this is not always the case, as it has also been observed that the use of tractors and other machinery could increase children’s engagement in farm activities. This may be the case if, for instance, their use allows farms to cultivate larger areas, or if it leads to shifting chores of work from hired labor to family workers, e.g. for weeding edges of farmland not reachable by machinery. Evidence has been scant thus far, but the few available studies have mostly lent greater support to the hypothesis that mechanization reduces children’s productive engagement. Most available studies have focused on specific cases and based on scant data. The new FAO-IFPRI study provides a rigorous quantitative assessment for seven developing countries in Asia (India, Nepal and Viet Nam) and sub-Saharan Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria and Tanzania) based on comparable farm household survey data.
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    Emphasizing the values, principles and objectives contained in the regional and international conventions and charters concerned with the rights of children in general and combating child labour in particular, with a commitment to the objective of Sustainable Development Goal 8.7 (Combating Child Labour and Forced Labour) to end all forms of child labour by 2025, and recognizing the need to protect future generations and enforce their rights, the League of Arab States, together with its partners from Arab and other international organizations (International Labour Organization, Arab Labour Organization, Arab Council for Childhood and Development and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), has produced this study entitled "Child Labour in the Arab Region”. This region includes the 22 member countries of the League of Arab States. Based on national statistics, data, reports and key informants the report provides an overview of the main characteristics of child labour among different sectors of economic activity in the Arab region. It also examines the impact of armed conflict and population displacement on child labour. The report concludes with a number of policy analyses and proposes several recommendations to address the issue of child labour in the region, the most important of which is the development of a regional strategy to combat the worst forms of child labour.

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