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Book (stand-alone)Effects of Trade Liberalization on the World Sugar Market 1999The purpose of this report is to present and discuss findings of a study of trade liberalization on the World sugar market. The study considers the following scenarios: (a) the effects of trade liberalization from the Uruguay Round (UR), (b) the effects of complete global trade liberalization, (c) the effects of partial trade liberalization, (d) the effects of complete trade liberalization in the industrialized countries, (e) the effects of partial trade liberalization in the industrialized coun tries, (f) the effects of complete trade liberalization in the major developing countries (Brazil, China, Indonesia, and Republic of Korea), and (g) the effects of partial trade liberalization in the major developing countries. The analysis focused on changes in the world sugar price and on changes in production, consumption, stock changes, and net trade in the 42 countries and/or regions: USA, Canada, European Union, Other Western Europe, Poland, Other Eastern Europe, Former USSR, Japan, Austra lia, New Zealand, Fiji, Rest of Oceania, China, India, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, Pakistan, Vietnam, Korea, Bangladesh, Other Asia, Cuba, Guatemala, Mexico, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Other Latin America, South Africa, Kenya, Zimbabwe, Algeria, Malawi, Tanzania, Egypt, Mauritius, Rest of Africa, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and Other Near Eastern countries. In addition to these countries, analysis of trade liberalization on the ACP countries and SIS aggregate was also conducted, includi ng an analysis of the effects on these aggregates from revision of the ACP/EC Protocol. Also, a separate analysis was conducted on the impact of selected trade scenarios on individual ACP countries and developing export and import countries.
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Book (stand-alone)THE IMPACT OF THE URUGUAY ROUND ON TARIFF ESCALATION IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS
ESCP/No. 3 - September 1997
1997Also available in:
No results found.This study aims at broadening our knowledge about the impact of the UR on tariff escalation in the agricultural sector. Tariff escalation (i.e. higher tariffs on processed agricultural products than on their input commodities) has been one of the obstacles for developing countries in their efforts to establish processing industries for exports. The novelty of the study, compared to other studies, is that changes in tariff escalation are analysed on the basis of actual input/output processing rel ationships. In addition, the study takes into account both specific and ad valorem tariffs that may be applied on the input and output products. The results of the study show that tariff escalation has been reduced as a result of the UR, creating some opportunities for developing countries to diversify their exports into higher value processed commodities. Another interesting result of the study is the widespread existence of tariff de-escalation (i.e. higher tariffs on the input than the on the output commodity). The study concludes, however, that high levels of escalation will still remain after the implementation of the UR tariff concessions. -
Book (stand-alone)The State of Agricultural Commodity Markets (SOCO) 2004 2004Technical developments that increase productivity and reduce costs mean that the long-term trend in real agricultural commodity prices on international markets is gradually downwards but that trend is dominated by significant short-term variability. Many developing countries, and especially the least developed countries, continue to depend on just a few agricultural commodities for the bulk of their export earnings. For them, commodity price variability has a strong impact on incomes, employment and government revenues, compromising macroeconomic planning and development efforts more generally. However, developing countries are also as a group increasingly reliant on food imports. The least developed countries are already net food importers. In these circumstances, falling international food prices are obviously beneficial but increasing reliance on imported food also means greater exposure to the variability in international food prices and hence food import bills. Developing countrie s need to contend with variability of international commodity prices in their efforts to increase their export earnings or manage their food import bills. At the same time, they must also contend with the market distortions introduced by the import tariffs and export and production subsidies used by both developed and developing countries, and by the market power in many commodity value chains of large transnational companies. The traditional international responses to commodity market instabili ty based on market interventions or compensation schemes are not currently favoured and new approaches are needed. These new approaches, such as marketbased price risk management, are aimed less at preventing price swings than at helping producers and consumers predict and manage better their adverse impacts.
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