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DocumentWorking paperAgency, Education and Networks: Gender and International Migration from Albania 2008
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No results found.Our paper examines the causes and dynamics of the shift in the gender composition of migration, and more particularly, in the access of women to migration opportunities and decision making. We do this in the context of Albania, a natural laboratory for studying migration developments given that out-migration was practically eliminated from the end of WWII to the end of the 1980s. We use micro-level data from the Albania 2005 LSMS including migration histories for family members since migration b egan. Our analysis, based on discrete-time hazard models, shows an impressive expansion of female participation in international migration. Female migration, which we find to be strongly associated with education, wealth, and social capital, appears responsive to economic incentives and constraints. Yet, using unique data on the dependency of female migration to the household demographic structure as well as the sensitivity of female migration to household-level shocks, we show that it is the ho useholds themselves that are the decision-making agents behind this economic calculus and there is little to suggest that increased female migration signals the emergence of female agency. -
ArticleJournal articleMultiple moves and return migration within developing countries: A comparative analysis 2020
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No results found.This paper sheds new light on internal migration processes by estimating stylized migration histories for populations in 31 countries. The focus is on repeat migration and on return migration back to rural areas from urban areas. Migration histories are portrayed by introducing migration pathway matrices, representing the shares of the population (by gender) that have moved or stayed in rural and urban areas over three periods (childhood and two forward periods). Using data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), the estimation of national migration pathway matrices was done with an information-theoretic procedure using maximum-entropy econometrics to estimate migration frequencies by population groups. Moving multiple times is found to be a consolidated practice in all countries analysed. Sizeable urban-to-rural migration flows are found, with rural returnees often contributing substantially to these flows. This phenomenon is more pronounced in countries in relatively early phases of economic development and among male migrants. For the sample of countries in sub-Saharan Africa, on average, 51% of men and 32% of women migrating from urban to rural areas are return migrants who lived in rural areas as children. Results indicate many migrants move multiple times: In the overall sample of countries, at least 43% of men and 36% of women who move once will move a second time (or more), accounting for nearly 120 million individuals. We find large differences in migration histories across genders, with these differences tending to be smaller for countries that are further along their economic development path and more urbanised. -
ArticleJournal articleMultiple moves and return migration within developing countries: A comparative analysis 2020
Also available in:
No results found.This paper sheds new light on internal migration processes by estimating stylized migration histories for populations in 31 countries. The focus is on repeat migration and on return migration back to rural areas from urban areas. Migration histories are portrayed by introducing migration pathway matrices, representing the shares of the population (by gender) that have moved or stayed in rural and urban areas over three periods (childhood and two forward periods). Using data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), the estimation of national migration pathway matrices was done with an information-theoretic procedure using maximum-entropy econometrics to estimate migration frequencies by population groups. Moving multiple times is found to be a consolidated practice in all countries analysed. Sizeable urban-to-rural migration flows are found, with rural returnees often contributing substantially to these flows. This phenomenon is more pronounced in countries in relatively early phases of economic development and among male migrants. For the sample of countries in sub-Saharan Africa, on average, 51% of men and 32% of women migrating from urban to rural areas are return migrants who lived in rural areas as children. Results indicate many migrants move multiple times: In the overall sample of countries, at least 43% of men and 36% of women who move once will move a second time (or more), accounting for nearly 120 million individuals. We find large differences in migration histories across genders, with these differences tending to be smaller for countries that are further along their economic development path and more urbanised.
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Book (series)Technical reportInforme de la Consulta técnica sobre el marcado de las artes de pesca, Roma, 5-9 de febrero de 2018 2018La Consulta técnica sobre el marcado de las artes de pesca tuvo lugar en la sede de la FAO en Roma, Italia, del 5 al 9 de febrero de 2018. La labor de la Consulta técnica estuvo encaminada a concluir la elaboración del proyecto de Directrices voluntarias sobre el marcado de las artes de pesca. Para ello, la Consulta técnica utilizó un proyecto de texto preliminar que había sido elaborado durante la Consulta de expertos sobre el marcado de las artes de pesca, organizada por la FAO del 4 al 7 de abril de 2016, y modificado posteriormente por la Secretaría de la FAO. La Consulta técnica examinó y ultimó el alcance de las directrices y acordó que la Secretaría podría elaborar documentos técnicos de apoyo a través de un proceso independiente. La Consulta técnica estudió cómo se deberían implantar, controlar y supervisar las directrices y determinó la importancia del marcado de las artes de pesca en la lucha contra el problema de los aparejos de pesca abandonados, perdidos o descartados, así como el papel que dicho marcado podría desempeñar en cuanto a la reducción o eliminación de la pesca ilegal, no declarada y no reglamentada (pesca INDNR). En las directrices acordadas por la Consulta técnica se aborda además la rastreabilidad comercial del marcado de las artes de pesca y la notificación y recuperación de aparejos de pesca abandonados, perdidos o descartados, y se prevén consideraciones especiales a tener en cuenta respecto del marcado y la notificación de dispositivos de concentración de peces (DCP). Asimismo, se tiene especialmente en cuenta a los Estados en desarrollo y las pesquerías en pequeña escala respecto de la aplicación de las directrices en estos contextos. La Consulta técnica destacó varios aspectos clave para la investigación y el desarrollo sobre el marcado de las artes de pesca y cuestiones conexas y, además, proporcionó orientaciones sobre comunicación y desarrollo de la capacidad. Además, examinó los resultados y las recomendaciones obtenidos de dos proyectos piloto de marcado de artes de pesca respaldados por la FAO y recomendó que se llevaran a cabo otros proyectos en apoyo a la aplicación de las directrices. La Consulta técnica recomendó al Comité de Pesca de la FAO (COFI) que considerara refrendar las Directrices voluntarias sobre el marcado de las artes de pesca. Asimismo, le recomendó que considerara la elaboración de una estrategia mundial integral para abordar el problema de los aparejos de pesca abandonados, perdidos o descartados, la cual podría comprender el establecimiento de un mecanismo que facilite el intercambio de información relativa a la aplicación de estas directrices a nivel mundial, así como datos recopilados por los sistemas nacionales de notificación de aparejos de pesca abandonados, perdidos o descartados, y la recomendación a los Estados para que elaboren y apliquen planes de acción nacionales encaminados a abordar el problema del abandono, la pérdida o el descarte de aparejos de pesca.
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ProjectProgramme / project reportReport of the technical meeting on the lessepsian migration and its impact on Eastern Mediterranean fishery
Nicosia, Cyprus, 7 - 9 December 2010
2010Also available in:
No results found.The sub-regional technical meeting on the lessepsian migration and its impact on Eastern Mediterranean fisheries was held in Nicosia, Cyprus from the 7 th to 9 th of December 2010. Experts from Cyprus, Egypt, Gaza Strip and West Bank, Greece, Italy, Lebanon and Turkey attended the meeting. After the opening of the meeting two general presentations were given concerning the “tropicalisationâ€ÂÂ� effect and the oceanography of the Eastern Mediterranean. Information regarding lessepsian species and their influence on local fisheries were also given by the representatives of each country. The participants discussed future research ideas on lessepsian species especially with respect to fisheries. The problem of Lagocephalus sceleratus was highly discussed since this species is causing considerable damage to fisher`s static nets and longlines in all the countries in the project area. The participants mentioned that some lessepsian species s uch as Siganus spp. and Saurida undosquamis, among others were successfully introduced into the local markets and in some cases of high commercial value. The marketing and commercialisation of lessepsian species was seen as of high priority. Educating the local public was also important since for example Lagocephalus spp. is a toxic species and there is a high risk of death if people consume individuals of this species. A network of experts on lessepsian species was established, which would have the responsibility to promote the issue of lessepsian species in the Mediterranean and develop a database on lessepsian species. The network will also assist the Coordination Committee through the focal points to propose solutions to avoid the harmful effects of lessepsian species on the Eastern Mediterranean fisheries. Most of the issues described in this report are at the moment relevant to the Eastern Mediterranean which however, in the near future will sur ely increase in importance in the other parts of the Mediterranean.