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Legislation on productivity in agriculture: a comparative outline










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    Forestry legislation in Central and Eastern Europe: A Comparative Outlook 2001
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    Following the political changes of the early 1990s, most of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe have adopted new forestry legislation. This study begins with a brief examination of the reasons that have led to this rapid replacement of existing forestry legislation, as well as the constraints which such reforms have encountered (Section I). Section II of the study examines how developments in the forestry legislation of these countries relate to international developments currently takin g place. The overall opening up of Central and Eastern European countries to international contacts and co-operation has influenced the formulation of domestic policies and legislation, and international initiatives (such as those which led to the adoption of the Rio Forest Principles) have been well received. Harmonization of forestry laws of these countries with those of the European Community, with a view to future accession, is not necessary at this stage, since Community legislation is mai nly limited to the regulation of forestry financing programmes. Nevertheless, Community legislation envisages forestry as one aspect of integrated rural development, which is an overall approach that the countries of Central and Eastern Europe may wish to follow. Section III examines how six principal issues are treated in the emerging forestry legislation of the region. The analysis shows that sustainable development of forests is generally an express objective of the legislation. One of the mo st complex issues concerns the establishment of a legal regime for private forests, whether natural forests which may have been distributed to former owners or otherwise privatized, or planted forests. Excessively stringent rules (such as the imposition of detailed management plans still prepared by the administration) may discourage private forestry activities, and are difficult to implement and enforce. In most of the laws studied, integrated, participatory forest management has not yet replac ed the traditional emphasis on technical forest management, although some innovations in this regard have been introduced. Among the final considerations is the necessity for appropriate subsidiary legislation, and for a sustained commitment by governments to implementation of the newly designed legal strategies (Section IV).

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    《青年与联合国全球联盟学习和行动系列:青少年海洋科普手册》是为学校、青年团体和其他好奇的年轻学习者提供的教育资源,探索从海岸带到冰冻极点,从深海到公海的海洋。它仔细探讨了塑造水下和潮间带动植物生命的物理特征和自然过程。它还展示了海洋带给我们的诸多好处,讨论了我们对海洋带来的负面影响,并解释了好的管理如何保护和养护海洋及海洋生命。在手册的最后,提供了一些鼓舞人心的青年人领导倡议的例子,并给出了容易遵循的动作计划来帮助你发展自己的海洋养护行动和项目。
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