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Modernizing irrigation in Central Asia

Concept and approaches












Dankova, R., Burton, M., Salman, M., Clark, A.K. & Pek, E. 2022. Modernizing irrigation in Central Asia: concept and approaches. Directions in Investment, No. 6. Rome, FAO and The World Bank.




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    This FAO volume examines three decades of irrigation management reform in the FAO Subregional Office for Central Asia region, tracing the transition from the state-led “hydraulic mission” to farmer-based irrigation management transfer (IMT). While IMT was widely promoted as a means to improve efficiency, sustainability, and equity through water users' associations (WUAs), outcomes have been highly uneven, with successes, partial rollbacks, and even reversals.The book provides seven country case studies – Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Türkiye, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan – that illustrate these divergent trajectories. Türkiye achieved large-scale transfers but has moved toward greater state oversight; Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan established broad WUA systems yet face persistent fragilities; Azerbaijan pilots new models; Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan show how weak legal and financial frameworks can undermine IMT; and Turkmenistan retains highly centralized water management.The findings stress that lasting irrigation sustainability requires more than institutional reform: it also depends on modernized infrastructure, water-saving technologies, inclusive governance, and integration with broader strategies for rural development and climate resilience.

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