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Trade and Sustainable Development Goal 2: Policy options and their trade-offs

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Last updated date 03/12/2020.




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    Trade and Sustainable Development Goal 2 – Policy options and their trade-offs 2020
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    With trade recognized as a means of implementation under Agenda 2030, policy-makers will need to ensure that trade, and policies affecting trade and markets, are taken into consideration as part of their efforts to achieve SDG 2. The five targets that set out the level and ambition of SDG 2 (ending hunger; ending all forms of malnutrition; doubling the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers; ensuring sustainable food production systems; and maintaining genetic diversity), as well as trade itself, often constitute distinct policy priorities for governments. Trade and related policy measures that may be designed to achieve one target can potentially have unintended negative consequences that undermine the achievement of other targets, both within the country where the measure is applied and in the trading partner countries. It is therefore important that policy-makers identify and recognize areas in which difficult tradeoffs may be needed between competing policy objectives, and identify possible ways in which these can be addressed. Furthermore, while the different targets set out under SDG 2 are mutually interdependent and inter-related, it is important to address the trade policy dimension of each component individually as part of a broader plan of action.
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    The 2030 Agenda acknowledges that transparent, undistorted and properly functioning food and agricultural markets are an essential element in the global effort to end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture (Sustainable Development Goal 2 [SDG 2]). This review examines how FAO supports transparent and inclusive commodity markets and international food and agricultural trade, contributing to the achievement of SDG 2. It was conducted primarily through a review of key documents and interviews with stakeholders. The study found that FAO contributes to the proper functioning of agricultural markets, in particular, by facilitating timely access to market information (SDG target 2.c), ensuring greater transparency in international commodity markets, and providing regular and timely updates on crop conditions, price movements and global supply and demand. FAO’s contribution is aided by comparative advantages arising from its extensive data architecture, involvement in strategic partnerships, reputation as a neutral forum and broad agricultural commodity and country coverage, among other things. The study reveals a need for greater support in the areas of inclusiveness, equality and capacity building in agricultural trade.
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    Supporting Sustainable Development Goal SDG 2.1 Monitoring by Strengthening Food Security and Nutrition Information in Africa GCP/GLO/943/JP
    Improving data collection and analysis to monitor progress towards the SDG targets using robust, statistically sound indicators for food and nutrition security
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    As African countries race against time to end hunger by 2030, improved country data is critical in tracking progress toward achieving Sustainable Development Goals 2 on zero hunger, nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. The indicators used to monitor progress towards achievement of SDG 2 is the Prevalence of Undernourishment (PoU) and the Prevalence of moderate and severe food insecurity based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES). However, the quality of data produced by countries that is necessary to produce these indicators has historically been limited. FAO is enhancing national capacities to collect, analyze and monitor data on food and nutrition security using standardized tools that are internationally comparable to guide policies to end hunger and malnutrition.

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    In recent years, several major drivers have put the world off track to ending world hunger and malnutrition in all its forms by 2030. The challenges have grown with the COVID-19 pandemic and related containment measures. This report presents the first global assessment of food insecurity and malnutrition for 2020 and offers some indication of what hunger might look like by 2030 in a scenario further complicated by the enduring effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. It also includes new estimates of the cost and affordability of healthy diets, which provide an important link between the food security and nutrition indicators and the analysis of their trends. Altogether, the report highlights the need for a deeper reflection on how to better address the global food security and nutrition situation.To understand how hunger and malnutrition have reached these critical levels, this report draws on the analyses of the past four editions, which have produced a vast, evidence-based body of knowledge of the major drivers behind the recent changes in food security and nutrition. These drivers, which are increasing in frequency and intensity, include conflicts, climate variability and extremes, and economic slowdowns and downturns – all exacerbated by the underlying causes of poverty and very high and persistent levels of inequality. In addition, millions of people around the world suffer from food insecurity and different forms of malnutrition because they cannot afford the cost of healthy diets. From a synthesized understanding of this knowledge, updates and additional analyses are generated to create a holistic view of the combined effects of these drivers, both on each other and on food systems, and how they negatively affect food security and nutrition around the world.In turn, the evidence informs an in-depth look at how to move from silo solutions to integrated food systems solutions. In this regard, the report proposes transformative pathways that specifically address the challenges posed by the major drivers, also highlighting the types of policy and investment portfolios required to transform food systems for food security, improved nutrition, and affordable healthy diets for all. The report observes that, while the pandemic has caused major setbacks, there is much to be learned from the vulnerabilities and inequalities it has laid bare. If taken to heart, these new insights and wisdom can help get the world back on track towards the goal of ending hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition in all its forms.