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DocumentOther documentThe survival rate and stem moisture content after planting of Larix kaempferi container seedling according to thawing conditions
XV World Forestry Congress, 2-6 May 2022
2022Also available in:
No results found.This study was conducted to find out the optimal thawing conditions in connection with refrigerated storage in nursery stage in order to maintain high seedling quality until planting in plantation. Refrigerated container seedlings of Larix kaempferi were produced under 32 different thawing conditions [2 thawing timings (April, May) × 2 shadings (shading, non-shading) × 2 packaging boxes (open, closed) × 4 thawing duration regimes (1, 3, 6, 12 days)] and then planted in plantation. We performed four-way ANOVA to test the effect of the thawing conditions on survival rate (SR) and stem moisture content (SMC) of thawed seedling after planting. The SR of L. kaempfer seedlings was statistically different in each of the four factors, such as thawing timing, shading, packaging box and duration, and significant interactive effects of four factors were also confirmed. Thawing showed a higher SR of seedlings in April than in May. In both thawing timings, it showed the highest SR of seedlings in the thawing condition in which light was shaded and packaging box was opened. As thawing duration increased, SR of seedlings decreased. The shading and thawing duration significantly affected SMC of L. kaempferi seedlings. The SMC of seedlings tended to increase as the thawing duration becomes longer, which is opposite to the result for SR. High temperature in the prolonged thawing duration may result in more active growth of seedlings with enhancing water movement in stem, as refrigerated dormant seedlings started growing with thawing. These results suggest that the best thawing condition is thawing duration of less than 3 days before planting and opening package box in well-ventilated shady locations nearby plantation. The optimal thawing condition will improve the quality of seedling production in nursery stages and increase seedling growth performances in plantation stages. Keywords: Deforestation and forest degradation, Climate change ID: 3622374 -
DocumentOther documentHigh-biobased-content UV-curable oligomers derived from tung oil and citric acid: Microwave-assisted synthesis and properties
XV World Forestry Congress, 2-6 May 2022
2022Also available in:
No results found.Ultraviolet (UV)-curing technique has been widely applied in modern industrial areas such as coatings, inks, and adhesives due to their “5E” advantages, i.e. efficient, energy saving, enabling, economical, and eco-friendly. However, due to the dramatic fluctuation of oil prices, greenhouse effect from CO2 emission, and serious environmental problems, much efforts have been devoted into the preparation of UV-curable materials from renewable resources such as carbohydrates, plant oils, and rosins.
In this study, two novel UV-curable oligomers (TMCG1 and TMCG2) from tung oil and citric acid were synthesized via microwave technology and confirmed by FT-IR,1H NMR, and 13C NMR. The total reaction time was only 30 min, and the obtained oligomers showed high biobased contents (over 60%). Furthermore, a series of UV-curable coatings were constructed by copolymerizing the oligomers with a biobased reactive diluent (GA) from guaiacol. The resulting UV-cured materials achieved both high biobased content and high performance. For instance, the cured TMCG1 film with 10% of GA showed a biobased content of 72.4%, tensile strength of 16.6 MPa, glass transition temperature of 74.1 oC, maximum thermal degradation temperature of 437.2 oC, adhesion of 2 grade, pencil harness of 2H, and flexibility of 2 mm.
In general, the biobased UV-curable coatings show great potential to be applied in the fields of coatings like wood coatings, and the combination of bioresources, microwave technology, and UV-curing technology indicated in this work could provide a “green + green + green” solution for the coating industry. Keywords: Agriculture, Economic Development, Education, Research, Innovation ID: 3483375 -
DocumentOther documentThe early growth performances of Pinus densiflora and Larix kaempferi seedlings under open-field experimental warming and precipitation manipulation
XV World Forestry Congress, 2-6 May 2022
2022Also available in:
No results found.This study aimed to investigate the effects of climate change on the survival and growth performance of Pinus densiflora and Larix kaempferi seedlings using open-field experimental warming and precipitation manipulation. We measured the survival rate, root-collar diameter, and height, and then calculated the seedling quality index (SQI) of 2-year-old seedlings under 6 treatments [2 temperatures (TC: Control; TW: Warming) × 3 precipitation manipulations (PC: Control; PD: Decreased; PI: Increased)] and performed a two-way ANOVA to test for differences. The air temperature of the warming plots was 3°C higher than that of the control plots, while the precipitation manipulation plots received ±40% of the precipitation received by the control plots. Temperature and precipitation treatments did not significantly affect the survival rate of P. densiflora; however, the SQI of P. densiflora decreased with increasing precipitation. In contrast, the mortality rate of L. kaempferi increased with increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation. Furthermore, in L. kaempferi, TC × PI treatment resulted in the lowest SQI with a significant interaction effect observed between the two factors. In summary, low seedling production and quality should be expected in P. densiflora as precipitation increases and in L. kaempferi as temperature increases or precipitation decreases. These results indicate species-specific sensitivities to climate change of two plant species at the nursery stage. With the occurrence of global warming, the frequencies of drought and heavy rainfall events are increased, and this could affect the survival and seedling quality of tree species. Therefore, it is necessary to improve nursery techniques by establishing new adaptation strategies based on species-specific growth performance responses. 1) Keywords: Climate change ID: 3622385
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BookletCorporate general interestEmissions due to agriculture
Global, regional and country trends 2000–2018
2021Also available in:
No results found.The FAOSTAT emissions database is composed of several data domains covering the categories of the IPCC Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector of the national GHG inventory. Energy use in agriculture is additionally included as relevant to emissions from agriculture as an economic production sector under the ISIC A statistical classification, though recognizing that, in terms of IPCC, they are instead part of the Energy sector of the national GHG inventory. FAO emissions estimates are available over the period 1961–2018 for agriculture production processes from crop and livestock activities. Land use emissions and removals are generally available only for the period 1990–2019. This analytical brief focuses on overall trends over the period 2000–2018. -
Book (series)FlagshipThe State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021
Transforming food systems for food security, improved nutrition and affordable healthy diets for all
2021In recent years, several major drivers have put the world off track to ending world hunger and malnutrition in all its forms by 2030. The challenges have grown with the COVID-19 pandemic and related containment measures. This report presents the first global assessment of food insecurity and malnutrition for 2020 and offers some indication of what hunger might look like by 2030 in a scenario further complicated by the enduring effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. It also includes new estimates of the cost and affordability of healthy diets, which provide an important link between the food security and nutrition indicators and the analysis of their trends. Altogether, the report highlights the need for a deeper reflection on how to better address the global food security and nutrition situation.To understand how hunger and malnutrition have reached these critical levels, this report draws on the analyses of the past four editions, which have produced a vast, evidence-based body of knowledge of the major drivers behind the recent changes in food security and nutrition. These drivers, which are increasing in frequency and intensity, include conflicts, climate variability and extremes, and economic slowdowns and downturns – all exacerbated by the underlying causes of poverty and very high and persistent levels of inequality. In addition, millions of people around the world suffer from food insecurity and different forms of malnutrition because they cannot afford the cost of healthy diets. From a synthesized understanding of this knowledge, updates and additional analyses are generated to create a holistic view of the combined effects of these drivers, both on each other and on food systems, and how they negatively affect food security and nutrition around the world.In turn, the evidence informs an in-depth look at how to move from silo solutions to integrated food systems solutions. In this regard, the report proposes transformative pathways that specifically address the challenges posed by the major drivers, also highlighting the types of policy and investment portfolios required to transform food systems for food security, improved nutrition, and affordable healthy diets for all. The report observes that, while the pandemic has caused major setbacks, there is much to be learned from the vulnerabilities and inequalities it has laid bare. If taken to heart, these new insights and wisdom can help get the world back on track towards the goal of ending hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition in all its forms. -
Book (series)Technical bookLampreys of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of lamprey species known to date. 2011
Also available in:
No results found.Lampreys are aquatic, jawless vertebrates belonging to the Order Petromyzontiformes. The order comprises 39 species widely distributed in the Northern and Southern hemispheres, but virtually absent in the intervening tropical zone. There is one family in the Northern Hemisphere (Petromyzontidae) comprising 35 species and two families in the Southern Hemisphere (Geotriidae and Mordaciidae) comprising, respectively, one and three species. Lampreys undergo a radical metamorphosis from the l arval to the adult form. While lamprey larvae (ammocoetes) of all species are very similar in their habits (filter–feeding on microorganisms in a freshwater habitat), the adults vary considerably in their mode of life. Some are parasitic and anadromous, others parasitic but restricted to fresh water, while still others are nonparasitic (non–feeding) and restricted to fresh water. The taxonomic characters used to describe ammocoetes and adults are fully explained and illustrated. A key to adults and a partial key to larvae are presented. This catalogue provides an account for each of the 39 species. Each species account gives information on the taxonomy including synonyms, common names, diagnostic features of ammocoetes and adults (with drawings of the adult body and oral disc), habitat and biology, geographic distribution (with map), interest to fisheries and references.