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Toxicity Equivalency Factors for Marine Biotoxins Associated with Bivalve Molluscs









FAO/WHO. 2016. Technical paper on Toxicity Equivalency Factors for Marine Biotoxins Associated with Bivalve Molluscs. Rome. 108 pp


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    Assessment and management of biotoxin risks in bivalve molluscs 2011
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    Biotoxins produced by certain algal species can be accumulated by bivalve molluscs. This constitutes one of the major public health risks that need to be managed during shellfish production. With a view to aiding risk assessment, monitoring and surveillance programmes, this paper provides a range of information about the various biotoxins globally recorded in shellfish: levels detected, toxicological data, methods of analysis for detection and quantification of toxins, and the risk assessment ap proach for public health management. The complex chemical nature of the toxins, along with several analogues, hampers the development and validation of methods for their detection, for the evaluation of their toxicity and for the development of limits for shellfish safety management. This paper also illustrates the approach taken by the Codex Alimentarius Commission in developing guidelines for bivalve shellfish safety management and for establishing Codex standards for live and raw bivalve moll uscs.
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    Technical guidance for the development of the growing area aspects of Bivalve Mollusc Sanitation Programmes 2021
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    This document is the outcome of an update of the first edition of the Joint FAO and WHO Technical guidance for the development of the growing area aspects of Bivalve Mollusc Sanitation Programmes published in 2018. FAO has worked jointly with the FAO Reference Centre for Bivalve Sanitation, the UK Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas) and Ron Lee, Cefas former employee, for the update of this document to ensure that it is still a useful tool for the development of bivalve sanitation programmes.
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    Technical guidance for the development of the growing area aspects of Bivalve Mollusc Sanitation Programmes
    Food Safety and Quality Series No. 5
    2018
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    International trade has been the main driving factor for the rapid growth of the bivalve mollusc production industry during the last six decades, growing from nearly one million tonnes in 1950 to 16.1 million tonnes in 2015. In recognition of the extensive trade of this commodity, the Codex Alimentarius Commission has developed a Standard for Live and Raw Bivalve Molluscs as well as guidance in the Codex Code of Practice for Fish and Fishery Products on the steps needed to be taken at all stages of the food chain in order to produce a product that meets the Codex Standard. However, to facilitate implementation of the Codex guidance, countries identified the need for more information on how to implement Codex guidance in their specific context and specifically how to establish and monitor a bivalve mollusc growing area. This FAO/WHO Technical Guidance for the Development of the Growing Area Aspects of Bivalve Mollusc Sanitation Programmes aims to address that need. The focus of the guidance is the primary production of molluscs for consumption as live or raw bivalves and in particular how to manage microbiological hazards at this stage. Acknowledging that managing chemical hazards, toxin phytoplankton, and biotoxins also presents big challenges, reference has also been provided to relevant Codex standards and other international guidance. The guidance was developed from a technical and scientific perspective and using a risk-based approach. It has been driven by the intent and experience of existing programmes, rather than the details of these programmes, and in line with the requirements of the Codex Code of Practice. The guidance is primarily aimed at the authorities responsible for the development, implementation, and application of a bivalve mollusc sanitation programme, while highlighting the collaboration and agreements required between different partners including local authorities, regulatory agencies, and laboratories to implement such a programme.

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