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ArticleJournal articleEconomic valuation of ecotourism resources as a conservation tool for the Makiling Botanic Gardens
XV World Forestry Congress, 2-6 May 2022
2022Also available in:
No results found.The Makiling Botanic Gardens (MBG) is one of the ecotourism points of interest in the Mount Makiling Forest Reserve ASEAN Heritage Park (MMFR AHP) and the nearest mountain ecosystem to Metropolitan Manila, Philippines. The MBG serves as a living collection and sanctuary of endemic and endangered plant species in the Philippines and promotes public awareness and appreciation of biodiversity through conservation education. The MMFR’s recognition as AHP in 2013 has received support and assistance from different agencies to further develop its ecotourism potential. However, developments are anticipated to be at the expense of low-priced ecotourism services. The study aimed to estimate the willingness to pay of MBG visitors for its enhanced conservation using the contingent valuation method. The contingent valuation survey was administered through face-to face interviews. Results show that out of 253 respondents, 79% expressed willingness to pay (WTP) for the enhanced conservation of MBG. The elicited mean WTP is PhP 73.79 ($1.46) on top of the current entrance fee of PhP 50.00 ($1)/visit. The significant factors affecting visitors’ WTP were bid amount, income, and education. Given the elicited mean WTP added to the current entrance fee and the average number of visitors of MBG (41,281) annually, the potential revenue of MBG if the WTP will be captured is about PhP 6.3 million ($124,758). Results of the study can serve as a reference in adjusting the entrance fee of the MBG to support the full implementation of MMFR's management plan in the context of an ASEAN Heritage Park. Keywords: Protected area, Ecosystem services, Sustainable financing, Resource use fees ID: 3622992 -
ArticleJournal articleTourists’ willingness-to-pay for groundwater conservation, Mt Makiling, Philippines
XV World Forestry Congress, 2-6 May 2022
2022Also available in:
No results found.Mt Makiling is a dormant volcano that supplies hot water to springs and groundwater in Los Baños and Calamba City, Philippines, spurring the development of a resort-based tourism industry that is heavily extracting groundwater. The paper discusses the results of a contingent valuation survey that sought to evaluate the tourists’ knowledge about the resorts’ water source and use practices, reasons for visiting, willingness-to-pay for improved water conservation practices and the conservation of Mt Makiling as water source, and whether they would visit the resorts during the COVID-19 pandemic. About 50% of 492 respondents were aware of the resorts’ water source, with about half saying that the source is hot springs, but only a few were aware of groundwater as the water source. The main reasons for visiting the resorts are for relaxation and the resorts’ accessibility and affordability. The estimated mean WTP ranged from PhP75/visit (payment card) to PhP174/visit (dichotomous choice), and the respondents were willing to pay because they would like to contribute to the conservation of the groundwater resource of Mt Makiling and because groundwater is limited. On the other hand, some respondents were not willing to pay because they could not afford the additional amount and they perceive that they should not be made to pay for the cost of proper recycling of pool water. Most of the respondents said they would still consider visiting resorts during the pandemic to enjoy the pools and the environment and for the health benefits from the hot-water pools. A higher preference for private resorts was observed because these can be used exclusively by a group. The respondents who do not want to visit resorts during the pandemic said they would consider visits again if compliance with health and safety protocols would be assured. Finally, majority of the respondents recognize that the new health and safety standards for resorts will result in higher fees charged by resorts. Keywords: Mt Makiling, Los Baños, Calamba, contingent valuation, water conservation ID: 3618043 -
DocumentOther documentVariability in the early growth of Parkia timoriana (DC.) Merr. from Mount Makiling Forest Reserve, Luzon, Philippines and its applications in conservation and forest restoration
XV World Forestry Congress, 2-6 May 2022
2022Also available in:
No results found.This study evaluated the early growth performance of selected mother trees of Parkia timoriana (Fabaceae) and characterized the suitable environmental (soil and light) factors for the growth of the species. P. timoriana seedlings from different mother trees from the Mount Makiling Forest Reserve (MMFR), Luzon, Philippines were grown in two soil media under greenhouse condition and field trial planted in the University of the Philippines Laguna-Quezon Land Grant (LQLG), where P. timoriana is not occurring naturally and soil and climate differ significantly with the MMFR. Early growth performances in height and ground basal diameter (GBD) or root collar diameter (RCD) both in the greenhouse and field trial plot were measured. Nursery-based performance showed that the average RCD was generally higher in MMFR than LQLG soil but the overall difference was not statistically significant. In contrast, overall average height was consistently higher in LQLG than in MMFR soil, but similar to RCD the difference was not statistically significant. Under different light conditions in the field trial, there was significant difference in mortality, tree height, and GBD. The differences in both the height and GBD may be attributed to the genotype of the mother trees, but height can additionally be attributed to the interaction of the genotype and the different light conditions. Results suggest that P. timoriana can be grown in areas of different soil condition, but it requires partial shade in order to achieve its full growth potential during the early stage of its growth. Hence, P. timoriana when used in reforestation or tree planting projects must consider differences in the early growth response of seedlings according to its genotype as well as light conditions. However, it is highly suggested that growth performances among provenances of P. timoriana and other environmental variables that may affect growth of the species should be looked into. Keywords: Biodiversity conservation, Genetic resources, Sustainable forest management, Deforestation and forest degradation, Monitoring and data collection ID: 3486623
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BookletHigh-profileFAO Strategy on Climate Change 2022–2031 2022The FAO Strategy on Climate Change 2022–2031 was endorsed by FAO Council in June 2022. This new strategy replaces the previous strategy from 2017 to better FAO's climate action with the Strategic Framework 2022-2031, and other FAO strategies that have been developed since then. The Strategy was elaborated following an inclusive process of consultation with FAO Members, FAO staff from headquarters and decentralized offices, as well as external partners. It articulates FAO's vision for agrifood systems by 2050, around three main pillars of action: at global and regional level, at country level, and at local level. The Strategy also encourages key guiding principles for action, such as science and innovation, inclusiveness, partnerships, and access to finance.
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Book (stand-alone)Technical bookGlobal Forest Resources Assessment 2025 2025FAO completed its first assessment of the world’s forest resources in 1948. Since then, the Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) has evolved into a comprehensive evaluation of forest resources and their condition, management and uses, covering all the thematic elements of sustainable forest management. This, the latest of these assessments, examines the status of, and trends in, forest resources over the period 1990–2025, drawing on the efforts of hundreds of experts worldwide. The results of FRA 2025 are available in several formats, including this report, an interactive story on key findings and an online database at https://fra-data.fao.org.
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BookletCorporate general interestEmissions due to agriculture
Global, regional and country trends 2000–2018
2021Also available in:
No results found.The FAOSTAT emissions database is composed of several data domains covering the categories of the IPCC Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector of the national GHG inventory. Energy use in agriculture is additionally included as relevant to emissions from agriculture as an economic production sector under the ISIC A statistical classification, though recognizing that, in terms of IPCC, they are instead part of the Energy sector of the national GHG inventory. FAO emissions estimates are available over the period 1961–2018 for agriculture production processes from crop and livestock activities. Land use emissions and removals are generally available only for the period 1990–2019. This analytical brief focuses on overall trends over the period 2000–2018.