The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2024

Acknowledgements

The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2024 was jointly prepared by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the World Food Programme (WFP) and the World Health Organization (WHO).

The publication was carried out under the direction of David Laborde, Marco V. Sánchez Cantillo and José Rosero Moncayo, with the overall coordination of Cindy Holleman, Editor of the report, and the overall guidance of Máximo Torero Cullen, all of whom are from the FAO Economic and Social Development stream. The development of the report was guided by a Steering Committee consisting of agency representatives from the five co-publishing partners: Marco V. Sánchez Cantillo (Chair), Sara Savastano (IFAD), Victor Aguayo (UNICEF), Arif Husain (WFP) and Francesco Branca (WHO). Tisorn Songsermsawas (IFAD), Mauro Brero and Chika Hayashi (UNICEF), Eric Branckaert (WFP), and Luz Maria De Regil and Katrina Lundberg (WHO) contributed to the coordination and provided technical support. Valuable comments and final approval of the report were provided by the executive heads and senior staff of the five co-authoring agencies.

Chapter 1 of the report was written by Cindy Holleman (FAO), with inputs from Anne Kepple, José Rosero Moncayo and Marco V. Sánchez Cantillo (FAO).

Chapter 2 of the report was coordinated by Anne Kepple (FAO). Section 2.1 was written by Carlo Cafiero, Anne Kepple, José Rosero Moncayo and Sara Viviani, with key inputs from Giles Hanley Cook, Simone Gie, Bridget Holmes, Adeeba Ishaq, Lynnette Neufeld and Firas Yassin (FAO). Section 2.2 was written by Valentina Conti, with inputs from Carlo Cafiero and Anne Kepple (FAO), and Yan Bai (World Bank). Olivier Lavagne d’Ortigue (FAO) provided data visualization and editorial support for Sections 2.1 and 2.2. Section 2.3 was written by Richard Kumapley, Ann Mizumoto and Elaine Borghi (WHO), with inputs from Monica Flores Urrutia, Lisa Rogers, Gretchen Stevens, Katrina Lundberg and Leanne Riley (WHO), Chika Hayashi and Mauro Brero (UNICEF), Saskia de Pee (WFP), and Trudy Wijnhoven and Anne Kepple (FAO). Olivier Lavagne d’Ortigue (FAO) provided data visualization for Section 2.3. José Rosero Moncayo provided technical guidance and editorial support to the sections of this chapter.

Chapter 3 of the report was written by Cindy Holleman (FAO), with inputs from Mali Eber-Rose, Kamal El Harty and Carin Smaller (Shamba Centre for Food & Climate); with further inputs from Giovanni Carrasco Azzini, Jérôme Camier, Lucia Latino, Yuan-Ting Meng, Valentina Pernechele, Clara Picanyol, Carine Tuyishime and Trudy Wijnhoven (FAO), Sarah Lowder, Jyotsna Puri and Alessandro Rosi (IFAD), Mauro Brero (UNICEF), Friederike Greb, Divya Mehra, Stefan Meyer and Trula Rael (WFP), Kaia Engesveen, Katrina Lundberg and Luz Maria De Regil (WHO), and Lysiane Lefebvre (Shamba Centre for Food & Climate). Marco V. Sánchez Cantillo provided technical guidance and editorial support to the sections of this chapter.

Chapter 4 of the report was written by Marco V. Sánchez Cantillo (FAO). Section 4.1 was written with inputs from Jérôme Camier, Brian Carisma, Hannah Gerits, Gary Jones, Atang Moletsane, Valentina Pernechele, Clara Picanyol, Carine Tuyishime and Trudy Wijnhoven (FAO), Mauro Brero (UNICEF), Jean-Sébastien Kouassi (WFP), Sarah Lowder, Mauro Martini, Tharani Mediwaka and Liliana Miro Quesada (IFAD), and Richard Kumapley and Katrina Lundberg (WHO). Section 4.2 was written with inputs from Jérôme Camier, Brian Carisma, Carola Fabi, Hannah Gerits, Eun-Jeong Lee, Christian Mongeau, Luis Silva e Silva and Pan Xueyao (FAO). Section 4.3 was written with inputs from Jérôme Camier and Trudy Wijnhoven (FAO), Mauro Brero (UNICEF), Jean-Sébastien Kouassi, Friederike Greb and Stefan Meyer (WFP), and Richard Kumapley and Katrina Lundberg (WHO).

Chapter 5 of the report was coordinated by Giovanni Carrasco Azzini (FAO). Section 5.1 was written by Giovanni Carrasco Azzini (FAO), with inputs from Cindy Holleman, Lucia Latino and Yuan-Ting Meng (FAO), Rahul Antao, Daniel Higgins, Martina Improta, Mariatu Kamara, Athur Mabiso, Emime Ndihokubwayo, Tamara Nicodeme, Robinson H. Toguem and Natalia Toschi (IFAD), Friederike Greb, Divya Mehra, Stefan Meyer and Trula Rael (WFP), Mauro Brero (UNICEF), Luz Maria De Regil and Katrina Lundberg (WHO), Asma Lateef (SDG2 Advocacy Hub/Alliance to End Hunger), Sarah Zoubek (Food FutureZ/North Carolina State University), and Kamal El Harty, Lysiane Lefebvre, Oshani Perera and Carin Smaller (Shamba Centre for Food & Climate). Section 5.2 was written by Giovanni Carrasco Azzini and Yuan-Ting Meng (FAO), with inputs from Niclas Benni, Azeta Cungu and Ilaria Sisto (FAO), Frew Behabtu, Roshan Cooke, Ilaria Firmian, Marup Hossain, Nirajan Khadka, Margherita Loddoni, Laura Mattioli, Vibhuti Mendiratta, Stella Okot, Claus Reiner, Pinreak Sous and Rick van der Kamp (IFAD), Friederike Greb, Divya Mehra, Stefan Meyer, Jean-Sébastien Kouassi and Trula Rael (WFP), Mauro Brero (UNICEF), Fahdi Dkhimi, Kaia Engesveen, Katrin Engelhardt, Luz Maria De Regil, Katrina Lundberg, Lina Mahy, Robyn Melville Landais and Angeli Rayner (WHO), Asma Lateef (SDG2 Advocacy Hub/Alliance to End Hunger), Sarah Zoubek (Food FutureZ/North Carolina State University), and Kamal El Harty, Lysiane Lefebvre, Oshani Perera and Carin Smaller (Shamba Centre for Food & Climate). Section 5.3 was written by Giovanni Carrasco Azzini (FAO), with inputs from Cindy Holleman and Yuan-Ting Meng (FAO), Nadine Gbossa, Francisco Gimbitzki Marques, João Manoel Dos Santos, Stefania Lenoci, Lucas Lindfors and Ricardo Rendon Cepeda (IFAD), Friederike Greb, Divya Mehra, Stefan Meyer and Trula Rael (WFP), Mauro Brero (UNICEF), Luz Maria De Regil, Katrina Lundberg and Lina Mahy (WHO), Asma Lateef (SDG2 Advocacy Hub/Alliance to End Hunger), Sarah Zoubek (Food FutureZ/North Carolina State University), and Kamal El Harty, Lysiane Lefebvre, Oshani Perera and Carin Smaller (Shamba Centre for Food & Climate). Marco V. Sánchez Cantillo provided technical guidance and editorial support to the sections of this chapter.

Chapter 6 of the report was written by Cindy Holleman and Marco V. Sánchez Cantillo (FAO), with inputs from Anne Kepple and José Rosero Moncayo (FAO).

Numerous colleagues from different technical units and departments across the five co-publishing agencies provided valuable technical comments and input to the report. An agency-wide technical clearance process facilitated a comprehensive review by many technical experts from the five co-authoring agencies. Listing each of the contributions would be challenging and furthermore increase the risk of important omissions.

Data inputs

Firas Yassin (FAO) was responsible for preparing undernourishment data in Section 2.1 and Annex 1A, with inputs from Amadou Ba, Filippo Gheri, Adeeba Ishaq, Talent Manyani, Ana Moltedo, Abdul Sattar and Sara Zakaryan, and under the supervision of Carlo Cafiero (FAO). The contribution of Vaishali Bansal (FAO) in the analysis of food consumption data to revise key parameters for prevalence of undernourishment estimation is especially acknowledged. Supporting data were provided by the Crops, Livestock and Food Statistics team, led by Piero Conforti, of the FAO Statistics Division. David Laborde prepared the 2030 projections of undernourishment (FAO). Sara Viviani (FAO) was responsible for preparing the food security data in Section 2.1 and Annex 1A, with inputs from Vaishali Bansal, Filippo Gheri, Adeeba Ishaq, María Rodríguez, Abdul Sattar, Firas Yassin and Sara Zakaryan (FAO). Adeeba Ishaq and Sara Viviani (FAO) were responsible for the analyses in Box 3, with inputs from Giles Hanley Cook, Simone Gie and Bridget Holmes (FAO) and inputs and data provided by Ty Beal (Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition), Anna Herforth (Harvard T. Chan School of Public Health) and Zacc Ritter (Gallup). Valentina Conti (FAO) was responsible for preparing the estimates of the cost and of the unaffordability of a healthy diet in Section 2.2 and Annex 1A, with inputs from Carlo Cafiero, David Laborde and José Rosero Moncayo (FAO), Yan Bai and Marko Olavi Rissanen (World Bank), Anna Herforth (Food Prices for Nutrition), and William A. Masters (Tufts University). Inputs provided by Amadou Ba, Adeeba Ishaq, Talent Manyani, Ana Moltedo, Abdul Sattar and Sara Zakaryan (FAO) for the analysis of household survey data are also acknowledged. Richard Kumapley, Gretchen Stevens and Ann Mizumoto (WHO) were responsible for the analyses in Section 2.3. Richard Kumapley (WHO) and Vrinda Mehra (UNICEF) were responsible for consolidating nutrition data in Annex 1A, with inputs from the UNICEF-WHO-WB Joint Child Malnutrition (JME) Group, Monica Flores Lisa Rogers, Gretchen Stevens and Leanne Riley (WHO), and Joel Conkle (UNICEF). Lucia Latino was responsible for conducting the data analysis of the countries affected by major drivers in Section 3.2. Updated agroclimate analyses were provided by Felix Rembold and Andrea Toreti (European Commission – Joint Research Centre), Michele Meroni (Seidor Consulting and under contract with the European Commission, Joint Research Centre) and Vojnović Petar (Fincons and under contract with the European Commission, Joint Research Centre), while updates to climatology indicators were provided by Pierre Kloppers, with inputs from Olivier Crespo, Christopher Jack and Mark Tadross (University of Cape Town). For Chapter 4, Jérôme Camier, Brian Carisma, Hannah Gerits, Gary Jones, Atang Moletsane, Valentina Pernechele, Clara Picanyol and Carine Tuyishime (FAO) contributed several data inputs, particularly on international development finance flows and public spending presented and analysed in Section 4.1. Mali Eber-Rose and Kamal El Harty and (Shamba Centre for Food & Climate) contributed to the comparison of modelling studies on the financing gap in Section 4.2, and Marco V. Sánchez Cantillo, Lucia Battaglia, Martin Cicowiez and Valentina Pernechele (FAO) contributed to the background paper on repurposing budget allocations which was used to develop Box 11 of Section 4.3. For Chapter 5, Asma Lateef (SDG2 Advocacy Hub/Alliance to End Hunger) and Sarah Zoubek (Food FutureZ/North Carolina State University) provided inputs based on rapid evidence assessment and qualitative data coming from the systematization of interviews with financial experts. In addition, the chapter received overall guidance and inputs from a Financial Technical Steering Committee, coordinated by the Shamba Centre for Food & Climate and composed of Danny Bradlow (University of Pretoria), Paul Clements Hunt (Mischon de Reya and Blended Capital Group), Sylvain Coutu (AXA Insurance), Mary D’Alimonte (Results for Development – R4D), Greg S. Garrett (Access to Nutrition Initiative), Hamid Hamirani (EHA Advisory and Food Systems for the Future), Daniel Hulls (AgDevCo), Agnes Johan (Rabobank), Oluwatoyin Oyekenu (Climate Bonds Initiative), Michael Kühn (Welthungerhilfe), John Mundy (One Acre Fund), Maurizio Navarra (Global Donor Platform for Rural Development), Tom Osborne (Skyline Partners), Liliana Rojas (IFPRI), Niraj Shah (International Finance Corporation), Meera Shekar (World Bank) and Jerry Skees (Global Parametrics).

Support for report production came from Christin Campbell (consulting editor) and Daniela Verona in the FAO Economic and Social Development stream.

The Language Branch of the FAO Governing Bodies Servicing Division carried out the translations, in addition to the contributors mentioned above. The translations of the report benefited from a technical review by Firas Yassin and Ahmad Sadiddin (Arabic), Juan Feng and Lan Li (Chinese), Olivier Lavagne d’Ortigue, Thibault Meilland and Aurelien Mellin (French), Evgeniya Koroleva (Russian), and Verónica Boero, Giovanni Carrasco Azzini and Eduardo Nakasone Uechi (Spanish), all of whom are from FAO.

The Publications and Library Branch of the FAO Office of Communications provided editorial support, design and layout, as well as production coordination, for editions in all six official languages.

This flagship publication is part of The State of the World series of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Required citation:
FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO. 2024. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2024 – Financing to end hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition in all its forms. Rome.
https://doi.org/10.4060/cd1254en

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ISBN 978-92-5-138882-2
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INDIA. Winnowing wheat: scaling up financing flows will accelerate the vital transformation of agrifood systems.

This flagship publication is part of The State of the World series of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

Creative Commons BY license

Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution - 4.0 International licence (CC BY 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode.en).

INDIA. Winnowing wheat: scaling up financing flows will accelerate the vital transformation of agrifood systems.