1 IMF (International Monetary Fund). 2024. World Economic Outlook. Steady but slow: resilience amid divergence. Washington, DC. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2024/04/16/world-economic-outlook-april-2024
2 Laborde, D. & Torero, M. 2023. Modeling actions for transforming agrifood systems. In: J. von Braun, K. Afsana, L.O. Fresco & M.H.A. Hassan, eds. Science and Innovations for Food Systems Transformation. pp. 105–132. Cham, Switzerland, Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15703-5_7
3 UN DESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs). 2022. World Population Prospects 2022. In: United Nations. [Cited 24 July 2024]. https://population.un.org/wpp
4 UN DESA. 2019. World Population Prospects 2019. In: United Nations. [Cited 12 June 2024]. https://population.un.org/wpp2019
5 European Union, FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), UN-Habitat (United Nations Human Settlements Programme), OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) & World Bank. 2021. Applying the Degree of Urbanisation. A methodological manual to define cities, towns and rural areas for international comparisons. 2021 edition. Luxembourg, Publications Office of the European Union. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3859598/15348338/KS-02-20-499-EN-N.pdf
6 European Commission. 2023. Download the data produced by the GHSL. In: European Commission | GHSL - Global Human Settlement Layer. [Cited 9 May 2023]. https://ghsl.jrc.ec.europa.eu/download.php?ds=smod
7 Global Diet Quality Project. 2024. Global Diet Quality Project. [Cited 25 April 2024]. https://www.dietquality.org
8 World Bank. 2024. International Comparison Program (ICP) - Data. [Accessed on 24 July 2024]. https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/icp/data
9 FAO. 2024. FAOSTAT: Consumer Price Indices. [Accessed on 11 June 2024]. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/CP. Licence: CC-BY-4.0.
10 WHO (World Health Organization). 2014. Comprehensive implementation plan on maternal, infant and young child nutrition. Geneva, Switzerland. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-NMH-NHD-14.1
11 WHO. 2013. Follow-up to the Political Declaration of the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases. Sixty-sixth World Health Assembly. Geneva, Switzerland. https://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA66/A66_9-en.pdf
12 WHO. 2013. Global action plan for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases 2013-2020. Geneva, Switzerland. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241506236
13 WHO. 2021. WHO Discussion Paper on the development of an implementation roadmap 2023-2030 for the WHO Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of NCDs 2023-2030. Geneva, Switzerland. https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/implementation-roadmap-2023-2030-for-the-who-global-action-plan-for-the-prevention-and-control-of-ncds-2023-2030
14 UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund). 2023. Regional classifications. In: UNICEF. [Cited 30 April 2024]. https://data.unicef.org/regionalclassifications
15 GDPRD (Global Donor Platform for Rural Development). 2011. Aid to agriculture, rural development: Unpacking aid flows for enhanced transparency, accountability for rural development and food security and aid effectiveness. Bonn, Germany.
16 AFSI (L’Aquila Food Security Initiative). 2012. L’Aquila Food Security Initiative (AFSI) 2012 Report. L’Aquila, Italy. https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/202922.pdf
17 AFSI. 2012. Tracking the L’Aquila Food Security Initiative pledge and related funding. L’Aquila, Italy. https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/202955.pdf
18 Khan, A.A., Pascal, P., Jorand, M., Willoughby, R. & Schäfer, N.A. 2018. If not now, then when? Will the Ise-Shima Summit put an end to the poor monitoring of G7 food security investments? ActionAid, Action contre la Faim, CCFD Terre Solidaire, Oxfam and Welthungerhilfe. https://www.actioncontrelafaim.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/if_not_now_then_when_-_will_the_ise-shima_summit_put_an_end_to_the_poor_monitoring_of_g7_food_security_investments_0.pdf
19 United Nations. 2015. G7 commitment regarding hunger and malnutrition. [Cited 12 June 2024]. https://www.un.org/esa/ffd/ffd3/commitments/commitment/g7-commitment-regarding-hunger-and-malnutrition.html
20 G7 Germany. 2022. Elmau Progress Report 2022. Elmau, Germany. https://www.effectivecooperation.org/system/files/2022-07/Elmau%20Progress%20Report%202022_ENG.pdf
21 G7 France. 2019. Biarritz Progress Report – G7 Development and Development-Related Commitments. Biarritz, France, Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs. https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/rapport-g7-v8_cle852e6f-1.pdf
22 G7 Japan. 2016. G7 FSWG Chair’s Report: Financial Reporting Methodology on Food Security and Nutrition. Ise-Shima, Japan. https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/000215138.pdf
23 European Commission. 2016. Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council. Implementing EU food and nutrition security policy commitments: second biennial report – Annexes. Brussels. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=SWD:2016:0155:FIN:EN:PDF
24 OECD, EUROSTAT (Statistical Office of the European Union) & WHO. 2017. A System of Health Accounts 2011: Revised edition. Paris, OECD. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264270985-en
25 WHO. 2014. WHO: Global Health Expenditure Database. [Accessed on 9 May 2024]. https://apps.who.int/nha/database/Home/Index/en
26 FAO. 2024. FAOSTAT: Indicators from household surveys (gender, area, socioeconomics). [Accessed on 29 April 2024]. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/HS. Licence: CC-BY-4.0.
27 World Bank. 2024. World Bank Data: Households and NPISHs final consumption expenditure (% of GDP). [Accessed on 29 April 2024]. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.CON.PRVT.ZS. Licence: CC-BY-4.0.
28 IPC (Integrated Food Security Phase Classification). 2021. Technical Manual Version 3.1. Evidence and standards for better food security and nutrition decisions. Rome. https://www.ipcinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ipcinfo/manual/IPC_Technical_Manual_3_Final.pdf
29 FAO, IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development), UNICEF, WFP (World Food Programme) & WHO. 2020. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020. Transforming food systems for affordable healthy diets. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9692en
30 FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP & WHO. 2023. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2023. Urbanization, agrifood systems transformation and healthy diets across the rural–urban continuum. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/CD1254EN
31 FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP & WHO. 2021. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021. Transforming food systems for food security, improved nutrition and affordable healthy diets for all. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb4474en
32 FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP & WHO. 2022. The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2022. Repurposing food and agricultural policies to make healthy diets more affordable. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0639en
33 Davies, S., Pettersson, T. & Öberg, M. 2023. Organized violence 1989–2022, and the return of conflict between states. Journal of Peace Research, 60(4): 691–708. https://doi.org/10.1177/00223433231185169
34 Sundberg, R. & Melander, E. 2013. Introducing the UCDP Georeferenced Event Dataset. Journal of Peace Research, 50(4): 523–532. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0022343313484347
35 Davies, S., Pettersson, T. & Öberg, M. 2022. Organized violence 1989–2021 and drone warfare. Journal of Peace Research, 59(4): 593–610. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 00223433221108428
36 Bai, J. & Perron, P. 1998. Estimating and testing linear models with multiple structural changes. Econometrica, 66(1): 47–78. https://doi.org/10.2307/2998540
37 World Bank. 2024. World Bank DataBank: World Development Indicators. [Accessed on 14 March 2024]. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
38 FSIN (Food Security Information Network) & GNAFC (Global Network Against Food Crises). 2024. Global Report on Food Crises 2024. Rome. https://www.fsinplatform.org/report/global-report-food-crises-2024
39 IMF. 2014. Government Finance Statistics Manual 2014. Washington, DC. https://www.imf.org/external/Pubs/FT/GFS/Manual/2014/gfsfinal.pdf
40 FAO. 2015. MAFAP Methodology working paper: Volume II. Analysis of public expenditure on food and agriculture. MAFAP Technical Notes Series. Rome. https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/mafap/documents/Methodological_Guidelines/METHODOLOGY_WORKING_PAPER_Vol2_Public_Expenditures.pdf
41 World Bank. 2023. World Bank Data Catalog: Benin BOOST platform: Public expenditure and revenue flows. [Accessed on 24 July 2024]. https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/search/dataset/0038083. Licence: CC-BY-4.0.
42 Government of Brazil. 2024. Orçamento Anual de 2024. In: gov.br – Ministério do Planejamento e Orçamento. [Cited 30 April 2024]. https://www.gov.br/planejamento/pt-br/assuntos/orcamento/orcamentos-anuais/2024/orcamento-anual-de2024
43 Government of Brazil. 2024. Orçamentos Anuais PLDO I LDO I PLOA I LOA - Atos Normativos. In: gov.br – Ministério do Planejamento e Orçamento. [Cited 30 April 2024]. https://www.gov.br/planejamento/pt-br/assuntos/orcamento/orcamento/orcamentos-anuais
44 Ministry of Finance of Georgia. 2024. In: Ministry of Finance of Georgia. [Cited 30 April 2024]. https://www.mof.ge/en/
45 Ministry of Finance, Government of India. 2024. Accounting information. In: Controller General of Accounts, Department of Expenditure. [Cited 30 April 2024]. https://cga.nic.in/index.aspx#account-section
46 Supreme Audit Institution of India. 2024. In: Comptroller and Auditor General of India. [Cited 30 April 2024]. https://cag.gov.in/en
47 National Treasury & Economic Planning, Republic of Kenya. 2021. Sector budget proposal reports. [Cited 30 April 2024]. https://www.treasury.go.ke/sector-budget-proposal-reports
48 Federal Government of Mexico. 2024. Investor Relations Office of the Ministry of Finance and Public Credit. In: Gobierno de México. [Cited 9 May 2024]. https://www.finanzaspublicas.hacienda.gob.mx/es/Finanzas_Publicas/Ingles
49 Federal Government of Nigeria. 2024. Federal Government of Nigeria. [Cited 30 April 2024]. https://opentreasury.gov.ng
50 Republic of the Philippines, Department of Budget and Management. 2022. Budget of expenditures and sources of financing FY 2023. Manila. https://www.dbm.gov.ph/index.php/2023/budget-of-expenditures-and-sources-of-financing-fy-2023
51 Republic of South Africa, National Treasury Department. 2024. Estimates of national expenditure. In: National Treasury. [Cited 30 April 2024]. https://www.treasury.gov.za/documents/national%20budget/2024/Estimates.aspx
52 Republic of South Africa, National Treasury Department. 2024. National budget. In: National Treasury. [Cited 30 April 2024]. https://www.treasury.gov.za/documents/national%20budget/default.aspx
53 World Bank. 2023. World Bank Data Catalog: Uganda BOOST Public Expenditure Database. [Accessed on 24 July 2024]. https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/search/dataset/0038076. Licence: CC-BY-4.0.
54 OECD. 2024. Official development assistance – definition and coverage. In: OECD. [Cited 25 March 2024]. https://www.oecd.org/dac/financing-sustainable-development/development-finance-standards/officialdevelopmentassistancedefinitionandcoverage.htm
55 OECD. 2024. Frequently asked questions: official development assistance (ODA). In: OECD. [Cited 25 March 2024]. https://www.oecd.org/en/data/insights/data-explainers/2024/07/frequently-asked-questions-on-official-development-assistance-oda.html
56 OECD. 2024. OECD: OECD Data Explorer: Official Devlopment Assistance (ODA). [Accessed on 24 July 2024]. https://data-explorer.oecd.org/?fs[0]=Topic%2C1%7C Development%23DEV%23%7COfficial%20Development%20Assistance%20%28ODA%29%23DEV_ODA%23&pg=0&fc=Topic&bp=true&snb=11
57 OECD. 2024. Development Assistance Committee (DAC). In: OECD. [Cited 25 March 2024]. https://www.oecd.org/dac/development-assistance-committee
58 OECD. 2024. Development finance of countries beyond the DAC. In: OECD. [Cited 25 March 2024]. https://www.oecd.org/dac/dac-global-relations/non-dac-reporting.htm
59 AidData. 2024. In: AidData. [Cited 25 March 2024]. https://www.aiddata.org
60 OECD. 2024. Total Official Support for Sustainable Development (TOSSD). In: OECD. [Cited 25 March 2024]. https://www.tossd.org
61 COBRADI (Operação Brasileira para o Desenvolvimento Internacional). 2021. Ipea – Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada. In: gov.br. [Cited 30 May 2024]. https://www.ipea.gov.br/portal/cobradi
62 Schleicher, R. & Barros, P. 2022. Medindo o gasto externo brasileiro para a implementação da agenda 2030: O novo COBRADI 2021-2024. Boletim de Economia e Política Internacional, 139–160. https://doi.org/10.38116/bepi33art5
63 OECD. 2022. OECD development co-operation profiles: Canada. In: OECDiLibrary. [Cited 1 May 2023]. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/sites/aa7e3298-en/index.html?itemId=/content/component/aa7e3298-en
64 World Bank & KNOMAD (Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development). 2023. Leveraging diaspora finances for private capital mobilization. Migration and Development Brief 39. Washington, DC. https://www.knomad.org/sites/default/files/publication-doc/migration_development_brief_39_0.pdf
65 IFAD. 2017. Sending money home: Contributing to the SDGs, one family at a time. Rome. https://www.ifad.org/documents/38714170/40187440/sending-money-home_e.pdf/7601a70c-68f0-3637-2517-da0f77506aa8?t= 1707298178938
66 World Bank. 2024. World Bank Data: Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP). [Accessed on 24 July 2024]. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS. Licence: CC-BY-4.0.
67 UNCTAD (United Nations Trade and Development). 2023. World Investment Report 2023. Methodological note. Geneva, Switzerland. https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/wir2023_chMethodNote_en.pdf
68 OECD. 2009. OECD benchmark definition of foreign direct investment 2008. Fourth Edition. Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264045743-en
69 Viné, R., Sulstarova, A., Casella, B. & Trentini, C. 2022. International project finance deals as indicators of productive cross-border investment: UNCTAD’s approach. Transnational Corporations Journal, 29(3): 161–185. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4311329
70 Convergence. 2023. State of Blended Finance 2023: Climate edition. Toronto, Canada. https://www.convergence.finance/resource/state-of-blended-finance-2023/view
71 Multilateral Development Banks & Development Finance Institutions. 2023. Mobilization of private finance 2020+2021 joint report. https://www.ifc.org/content/dam/ifc/doc/2023-delta/mdbs-joint-report-on-mobilization-of-private-finance-2020-21.pdf
72 World Bank. 2024. World Bank Country and Lending Groups. In: World Bank. [Cited 9 May 2024]. https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups
73 World Bank. 2024. Debt Sustainability Framework (DSF). In: World Bank. [Cited 9 May 2024]. https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/debt-toolkit/dsf
74 IMF. 2022. Staff guidance note on the sovereign risk and debt sustainability framework for market access countries. Policy Paper No. 2022/039. Washington, DC. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Policy-Papers/Issues/2022/08/08/Staff-Guidance-Note-on-the-Sovereign-Risk-and-Debt-Sustainability-Framework-for-Market-521884
75 World Bank. undated. World Bank Data: Short-term debt (% of total reserves). [Accessed on 9 May 2024]. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/DT.DOD.DSTC.IR.ZS?end=2022&start=2022&view=map. Licence: CC-BY-4.0.
76 World Bank. 2024. Metadata glossary. In: DataBank. [Cited 9 May 2024]. https://databank.worldbank.org/metadataglossary/world-development-indicators/series/DT.DOD.DSTC.IR.ZS
77 World Bank. 2023. Worldwide Governance Indicators. In: World Bank. [Cited 2 May 2024]. https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/worldwide-governance-indicators
78 World Bank. undated. Voice and accountability. Washington, DC. https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/sites/govindicators/doc/va.pdf
79 World Bank. undated. Government effectiveness. Washington, DC. https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/sites/govindicators/doc/ge.pdf
80 World Bank. undated. Regulatory quality. Washington, DC. https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/sites/govindicators/doc/rq.pdf
81 World Bank. undated. Rule of law. Washington, DC. https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/sites/govindicators/doc/rl.pdf
82 World Bank. undated. Control of corruption. Washington, DC. https://www.worldbank.org/content/dam/sites/govindicators/doc/cc.pdf
83 World Bank. 2024. Digital Adoption Index. In: World Bank. [Cited 3 June 2024]. https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/wdr2016/Digital-Adoption-Index
84 Jeanne, O. & Rancière, R. 2006. The optimal level of international reserves for emerging market countries: Formulas and applications. IMF working paper. Washington, DC, IMF. https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2006/wp06229.pdf
85 Bai, Y., Conti, V., Ebel, A., Cafiero, C., Herforth, A., Rissanen, M.O., Rosero Moncayo, J. & Masters, W.A. (forthcoming). Methods for monitoring the cost of a healthy diet based on price data from the International Comparison Program. FAO Statistics Division Working Paper. Rome, FAO.