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ArticleOpportunities and barriers for wood-based infrastructure in urban Himalayas: A review of select national policies of Nepal
XV World Forestry Congress, 2-6 May 2022
2022Also available in:
No results found.Nepal’s policy landscape to identify the opportunities and barriers for wood-based infrastructure (WBI) as a tool to increase urban resilience. The 2015 Gorkha earthquake in Nepal highlighted the systemic vulnerabilities of a small landlocked developing nation to the risks of living in a fragile mountain landscape when combined with high rates of poverty, rural to urban migration, and weak governance. New wood-based infrastructure has the potential to tackle the systemic vulnerabilities to earthquakes by increasing rural livelihoods, reducing rural to urban migration, and improving building materials and construction. Thus, WBI can help Nepal in achieving disaster risk reduction (DRR) goals and achieve emission reduction targets through carbon sequestration. However, implementing WBI in Nepal requires a careful evaluation of Nepal’s policy landscape to identify opportunities and barriers for operationalizing. By using a supply chain framework, Nepal’s major policies distributed across forestry and environment, natural resource management, and urbanization that influence wood-based infrastructure were analyzed. We found that policies aimed towards sustainable development, disaster risk reduction, and climate change support the establishment of WBI while policies of conservation, forest harvesting policies, and lack of clarity in implementation result in increased barriers towards WBI. We propose the conservation and forest harvesting policies should further incorporate livelihood enhancements, which should expand opportunities available to WBI. Keywords: earthquake resilience; urbanization; wood-based infrastructure; policy; livelihoods; mountain landscapes ID:3484088 -
ArticleA species-specific approach for tracing Brazilian timber origins and associated illegality risks across the supply-chain
XV World Forestry Congress, 2-6 May 2022
2022Also available in:
No results found.The rise in global demand for agricultural and forest commodities have created unparalleled pressure on forests, leading to loss of carbon, biodiversity, ecosystems services, and livelihoods. While we know more about how commodity production and trade is linked to deforestation, such connection still largely unexplored for forest degradation despite the threat rivaling or exceeding that of deforestation. Timber extraction is the largest direct anthropic driver of forest degradation and its illegal share a pervasive source across domestic and international markets. Here we seek to lay the foundations for connecting localities of production to consumption, presenting a species- specific approach to quantifying sources of illegality risk across the supply chain. By adapting material flow analyses and environmentally extended input-output models to timber originating from Brazilian native forests, we demonstrate how distinct risks can be mapped and quantified. We focus on the Amazon state of Pará; a leading producer of timber, of high-value ipê, and contested forest frontier. Data on logging permits and state-level Document of Forest Origin are used to estimate sources of illegality risk associated with overstated ipê yields, unclear forest of origin and discrepancies resulting from missing physical flows. We find that less than one fourth of all ipê volume entering supply-chains in 2017-2019 is risk-free. The area explored under logging permits and volumes entering the supply chain suggest an average yield of 1.6 m3ha-1, which exceeds the 90% percentile of reported ipê tree densities for region. Nearly a third of supply-chain flows cannot be accounted for by Pará’s state-level system. Despite important limitations to this study, it puts forward an approach that can be refined and leveraged to monitor illegally logged timber entry- points and can contribute to increased transparency in Brazilian timber supply chains. Keywords: timber illegality, forest-risk commodity, environmentally-extended input-output models, Handroanthus spp., Brazilian Amazon -
DocumentIsolation of DNA from preserved woods for identification of wood species through genetic analysis regardless of the age of wood production
XV World Forestry Congress, 2-6 May 2022
2022Also available in:
No results found.Species identification of wood provides important information for archaeology, restoration of cultural assets, preventing illegal logging, and more. Wood species are usually identified based on their anatomical features with the use of a microscope. However, this method may not be able to distinguish between anatomically similar species or subspecies. To overcome this problem, wood species need to be identified at the molecular level using DNA sequencing. However, unlike living plant cells, wood is difficult to pulverize using a mortar, and DNA extraction from dried wood is challenging. To solve these problems, we propose a pretreatment method in which wood is pulverized using 60-grit sandpaper and hydrated with water for 2 days. Using this method, we were able to stably amplify the rpoB gene from the extracted DNA of Pinus rigida. In addition, sequence analysis of the rpoB gene revealed six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which classified the rpoB sequences in the genus Pinus into five groups. Our data indicate that although these SNPs were not suitable for species identification, they can potentially be used to determine the origin of different wood subspecies or individual samples of wood. Keywords: Monitoring and data collection, Research ID: 3616978
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