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Book (stand-alone)Technical studyAssessing and advancing phytosanitary capabilities in targeted countries in eastern and southern Africa: a pathway to resilient agriculture 2025
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Plant pests pose significant threats to agricultural production, food security, and economic stability in the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) region, with annual crop losses estimated at 30–60 percent. This study, conducted under the EU-funded project “Strengthening Food Control and Phytosanitary Capacities and Governance” (GCP/GLO/949/EC) and coordinated by the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) Secretariat and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, assesses phytosanitary capacities in eleven COMESA countries through phytosanitary capacity evaluations (PCEs). The findings reveal that countries prioritize core operational activities particularly pest diagnostics, surveillance, pest risk analysis, and import and export systems with six countries selecting at least 11 of 13 PCEs. Governance areas, such as stakeholder engagement, remain under-addressed. Key challenges include outdated legislation, limited diagnostic infrastructure, weak surveillance systems, and inadequate risk analysis capacities. To address these gaps, the study recommends modernizing legal frameworks, strengthening technical capacities, adopting digital solutions like the IPPC ePhyto Solution, and enhancing regional coordination through COMESA and the Inter-African Phytosanitary Council of the African Union in collaboration with IPPC Secretariat. Establishing regional training hubs and fostering partnerships will support sustainable phytosanitary systems aligned with global standards and regional strategies. Strengthened systems are vital for improving trade, ensuring food security, and supporting sustainable economic growth across Africa. -
Brochure, flyer, fact-sheetBrochureAssessing and advancing phytosanitary capabilities in Eastern and Southern Africa
A pathway to resilient agriculture
2025Also available in:
No results found.Plant pests pose significant threats to agricultural production, food security, and economic stability in the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) region, with annual crop losses estimated at 30–60 percent. This study, conducted under the EU-funded project “Strengthening Food Control and Phytosanitary Capacities and Governance” (GCP/GLO/949/EC) and coordinated by the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) Secretariat and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, assesses phytosanitary capacities in eleven COMESA countries through phytosanitary capacity evaluations (PCEs). The findings reveal that countries prioritize core operational activities particularly pest diagnostics, surveillance, pest risk analysis, and import and export systems with six countries selecting at least 11 of 13 PCEs. Governance areas, such as stakeholder engagement, remain under-addressed. Key challenges include outdated legislation, limited diagnostic infrastructure, weak surveillance systems, and inadequate risk analysis capacities. To address these gaps, the study recommends modernizing legal frameworks, strengthening technical capacities, adopting digital solutions like the IPPC ePhyto Solution, and enhancing regional coordination through COMESA and the Inter-African Phytosanitary Council of the African Union in collaboration with IPPC Secretariat. Establishing regional training hubs and fostering partnerships will support sustainable phytosanitary systems aligned with global standards and regional strategies. Strengthened systems are vital for improving trade, ensuring food security, and supporting sustainable economic growth across Africa. -
Book (stand-alone)Technical bookPhytosanitary systems and agricultural development: modelling the impact of phytosanitary capacity evaluations in Africa 2025
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This study investigates the long-term impact of phytosanitary capacity development on agricultural trade, economic performance, and rural livelihoods in Africa, using the phytosanitary capacity evaluation (PCE) framework developed by the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC). Drawing on a combination of literature review, stakeholder engagement, and system dynamics modeling, the study analyzes the effects of one-time and repeated phytosanitary interventions across two regional clusters: high-value export-oriented economies (cluster 1) and emerging export economies (cluster 2). The results demonstrate that while single interventions (scenario 1) can produce short-term gains in plant health, trade efficiency, and food security, these benefits tend to dissipate without sustained investment and institutional reinforcement. In contrast, scenario 2 featuring three interventions at five-year intervals yielded durable improvements across all key indicators, including phytosanitary capacity, export volumes, agricultural GDP, employment, and migration. The study highlights the importance of embedding phytosanitary reforms into national legal frameworks, aligning efforts with regional trade agreements such as the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), and promoting integrated, cross-sectoral coordination. It concludes that long-term, programmatic approaches are essential for building resilient plant health systems capable of supporting sustainable agriculture, inclusive trade, and economic transformation across the continent.
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DocumentOther documentISPM 46. Commodity-specific standards for phytosanitary measures
Adopted 2022
2022This standard provides guidance on the purpose, use, content, publication and review of commodity-specific standards (hereafter referred to as “commodity standards”) for phytosanitary measures. Such standards, presented as annexes to this overarching concept standard, apply to commodities being moved in international trade and identify pests associated with these commodities and options for relevant phytosanitary measures to be considered by contracting parties. The lists of pests and options for phytosanitary measures identified are not intended to be exhaustive and are subject to review and revision. The scope of this standard and its annexes does not include contamination or diversion from intended use of commodities. -
Book (series)FlagshipThe State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021
Transforming food systems for food security, improved nutrition and affordable healthy diets for all
2021In recent years, several major drivers have put the world off track to ending world hunger and malnutrition in all its forms by 2030. The challenges have grown with the COVID-19 pandemic and related containment measures. This report presents the first global assessment of food insecurity and malnutrition for 2020 and offers some indication of what hunger might look like by 2030 in a scenario further complicated by the enduring effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. It also includes new estimates of the cost and affordability of healthy diets, which provide an important link between the food security and nutrition indicators and the analysis of their trends. Altogether, the report highlights the need for a deeper reflection on how to better address the global food security and nutrition situation.To understand how hunger and malnutrition have reached these critical levels, this report draws on the analyses of the past four editions, which have produced a vast, evidence-based body of knowledge of the major drivers behind the recent changes in food security and nutrition. These drivers, which are increasing in frequency and intensity, include conflicts, climate variability and extremes, and economic slowdowns and downturns – all exacerbated by the underlying causes of poverty and very high and persistent levels of inequality. In addition, millions of people around the world suffer from food insecurity and different forms of malnutrition because they cannot afford the cost of healthy diets. From a synthesized understanding of this knowledge, updates and additional analyses are generated to create a holistic view of the combined effects of these drivers, both on each other and on food systems, and how they negatively affect food security and nutrition around the world.In turn, the evidence informs an in-depth look at how to move from silo solutions to integrated food systems solutions. In this regard, the report proposes transformative pathways that specifically address the challenges posed by the major drivers, also highlighting the types of policy and investment portfolios required to transform food systems for food security, improved nutrition, and affordable healthy diets for all. The report observes that, while the pandemic has caused major setbacks, there is much to be learned from the vulnerabilities and inequalities it has laid bare. If taken to heart, these new insights and wisdom can help get the world back on track towards the goal of ending hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition in all its forms. -
BookletHigh-profileFAO Strategy on Climate Change 2022–2031 2022The FAO Strategy on Climate Change 2022–2031 was endorsed by FAO Council in June 2022. This new strategy replaces the previous strategy from 2017 to better FAO's climate action with the Strategic Framework 2022-2031, and other FAO strategies that have been developed since then. The Strategy was elaborated following an inclusive process of consultation with FAO Members, FAO staff from headquarters and decentralized offices, as well as external partners. It articulates FAO's vision for agrifood systems by 2050, around three main pillars of action: at global and regional level, at country level, and at local level. The Strategy also encourages key guiding principles for action, such as science and innovation, inclusiveness, partnerships, and access to finance.