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DocumentSpatial distributions pattern and associations of dead woods in natural spruce-fir secondary forests
XV World Forestry Congress, 2-6 May 2022
2022Also available in:
No results found.Natural secondary forest is the main part of forest resources in China. Studying dead woods (DW) could better reveal the community succession rule and promote the healthy development of them. We investigated basic characteristics and coordinates of each tree (DBH≥1 cm) within a plot (100 m×100 m) using the adjacent grid method and studied the spatial distributions pattern and associations of DW (in the last five years) in a typical natural spruce-fir secondary forest in Jingouling Forest Farm, Wangqing Forestry Bureau, Jilin Province, China. The results showed that the diameter class distribution of DW showed the pattern of left-single-peak curve, while the logs showed the pattern of multi-peak curve. DW number was related to the mixing degree of one species, but not to the total number of it. The distribution of DW was concentrated at 0~8m scale. As the scale increases, it changed to random or uniform. The aggregation distribution of DW of medium (10 cm≤DBH<20 cm) and small (1 cm≤DBH<10 cm) DBH at small scale below 8 m was the main reason for the aggregation distribution of DW. The DW of large (DBH≧20 cm) DBH and Saplings (1 cm≤DBH<5 cm) showed a significant positive association at 2~25 m scale. There was no significant spatial association between DW and Small trees(5 cm≤DBH<15 cm). At 0~3m scale, there was a positive association between Medium trees (15 cm≤DBH<25 cm) and DW of small and medium DBH. At the 9 m, 11~14 m scale and the 15 m, 42~45 m scale, the DW of small and medium DBH were significantly negatively associated with Large trees (DBH≥25 cm). In conclusion, the biological traits, diameter class distribution and spatial distribution affected the abundance and diameter class distribution of DW of one species. The spatial distributions of DW and the associations between DW and standing trees varied across diameter classes and scales. Rational utilization of spatial information could optimize stand structure and promote positive community succession. Keywords: Deforestation and forest degradation, Sustainable forest management, Adaptive and integrated management ID: 3618474 -
ArticleFrom waste to value: Development of parallel strand lumber from oil palm trunk waste as an alternative to wood
XV World Forestry Congress, 2-6 May 2022
2022Also available in:
No results found.The innovation of parallel strand lumber (PSL) from oil palm trunk waste was intended to develop alternative raw materials other than wood as well as improve the characteristics of the oil palm trunk. This study aims to analyze the effect of soaking duration on the phenol-formaldehyde adhesive solution to the characteristics of PSL. Variations of soaking duration used in this study were 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. The results of this study showed the modulus of elasticity (MOE) ranged from 53.7 × 103 to 103.2 × 103 kg/cm3 while the modulus of rupture (MOR) ranged from 358 to 596 kg/cm2 . The compressive strength ranged from 301.86 to 439.96 kg/cm2. The hardness of horizontal, vertical, and parallel grain ranged from 439.17 to 747.41 kg/cm2 , 361.86 to 526.01 kg/cm2, and 285.09 to 451.09 kg/cm2, respectively. The best quality of PSL which was soaked in a phenol- formaldehyde adhesive solution for 120 minutes. It can be concluded that oil palm trunk waste can be utilized to substitute the wood for lightweight construction material and support the development of green material. Keywords: green material, oil palm trunk, parallel strand lumber, phenol-formaldehyde, waste ID: 3488514 -
ArticleA species-specific approach for tracing Brazilian timber origins and associated illegality risks across the supply-chain
XV World Forestry Congress, 2-6 May 2022
2022Also available in:
No results found.The rise in global demand for agricultural and forest commodities have created unparalleled pressure on forests, leading to loss of carbon, biodiversity, ecosystems services, and livelihoods. While we know more about how commodity production and trade is linked to deforestation, such connection still largely unexplored for forest degradation despite the threat rivaling or exceeding that of deforestation. Timber extraction is the largest direct anthropic driver of forest degradation and its illegal share a pervasive source across domestic and international markets. Here we seek to lay the foundations for connecting localities of production to consumption, presenting a species- specific approach to quantifying sources of illegality risk across the supply chain. By adapting material flow analyses and environmentally extended input-output models to timber originating from Brazilian native forests, we demonstrate how distinct risks can be mapped and quantified. We focus on the Amazon state of Pará; a leading producer of timber, of high-value ipê, and contested forest frontier. Data on logging permits and state-level Document of Forest Origin are used to estimate sources of illegality risk associated with overstated ipê yields, unclear forest of origin and discrepancies resulting from missing physical flows. We find that less than one fourth of all ipê volume entering supply-chains in 2017-2019 is risk-free. The area explored under logging permits and volumes entering the supply chain suggest an average yield of 1.6 m3ha-1, which exceeds the 90% percentile of reported ipê tree densities for region. Nearly a third of supply-chain flows cannot be accounted for by Pará’s state-level system. Despite important limitations to this study, it puts forward an approach that can be refined and leveraged to monitor illegally logged timber entry- points and can contribute to increased transparency in Brazilian timber supply chains. Keywords: timber illegality, forest-risk commodity, environmentally-extended input-output models, Handroanthus spp., Brazilian Amazon
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