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Xanthan Gum

Residue Monograph prepared by the meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), 82nd meeting 2016










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    Xanthan Gum, 82nd JECFA—Chemical and Technical Assessment (CTA), 2016 2016
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    This Chemical and Technical Assessment summarizes data and information on xanthan gum submitted to JECFA by International Special Dietary Foods Industries1 in a dossier dated 26 November 2015 and focusing on its use as thickener in infant formulae, follow-up formulae, and formulae for special medical purposes intended for infants. The Committee previously reviewed xanthan gum at its eighteenth, twenty-ninth and thirtieth meetings. At the thirtieth meeting, the Committee allocated an Acceptable D aily Intake (ADI) of “not specified” to xanthan gum. The Committee prepared specifications for xanthan gum at several of its meetings. The last specifications for xanthan gum were prepared at the fifty-third meeting in 1999. At the present meeting (eighty-second meeting), xanthan gum is being re-evaluated by the Committee with emphasis placed on the evaluation of safety data to support its intended use in infant formulae, follow-up formulae, and formulae for special medical purposes intended for infants.
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    Quinoline Yellow
    Residue Monograph prepared by the meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), 82nd meeting 2016
    2016
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    Prepared at the 82nd JECFA (2016) and published in FAO JECFA Monograph 19 (2016), superseding specifications for Oxidized starch included in the specifications for Modified starches prepared at the 79th JECFA (2014), published in FAO JECFA Monographs 16 (2014). An ADI “not specified” was established at the 26th JECFA (1982). Quinoline Yellow is manufactured by sulfonating 2-(2-quinolyl)-1,3-indandione. It consists predominantly of sodium salts of disulfonates of 2-(2-quinolyl)-1,3-indandione wit h smaller amounts of monosulfonates and trisulfonates; and subsidiary colouring matters, sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate.
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    Residue Monograph prepared by the meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), 82nd meeting 2016: Allura Red AC 2017
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    Prepared at the 82nd JECFA and published in JECFA Monograph 19 (2016) superseding specifications prepared at the 28th JECFA (1984) and published in FNP 31/1 (1984) and FNP 52 (1992). Metals and arsenic specifications revised at the 59th JECFA (2002). An ADI of 0-7 mg/kg bw was established at the 25th JECFA (1981). Allura Red AC Consists of disodium 6-hydroxy-5-(2-methoxy-5-methyl-4- sulfonato-phenylazo)-2-naphthalenesulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components. It is manufactured by coupling diazotized 4-amino-5-methoxy-2-methylbenzenesulfonic acid with 6-hydroxy-2-naphthalene sulphonic acid. The resulting dye is purified and isolated as the sodium salt.

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    The FAOSTAT emissions database is composed of several data domains covering the categories of the IPCC Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector of the national GHG inventory. Energy use in agriculture is additionally included as relevant to emissions from agriculture as an economic production sector under the ISIC A statistical classification, though recognizing that, in terms of IPCC, they are instead part of the Energy sector of the national GHG inventory. FAO emissions estimates are available over the period 1961–2018 for agriculture production processes from crop and livestock activities. Land use emissions and removals are generally available only for the period 1990–2019. This analytical brief focuses on overall trends over the period 2000–2018.
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