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ArticleEconomic valuation of ecotourism resources as a conservation tool for the Makiling Botanic Gardens
XV World Forestry Congress, 2-6 May 2022
2022Also available in:
No results found.The Makiling Botanic Gardens (MBG) is one of the ecotourism points of interest in the Mount Makiling Forest Reserve ASEAN Heritage Park (MMFR AHP) and the nearest mountain ecosystem to Metropolitan Manila, Philippines. The MBG serves as a living collection and sanctuary of endemic and endangered plant species in the Philippines and promotes public awareness and appreciation of biodiversity through conservation education. The MMFR’s recognition as AHP in 2013 has received support and assistance from different agencies to further develop its ecotourism potential. However, developments are anticipated to be at the expense of low-priced ecotourism services. The study aimed to estimate the willingness to pay of MBG visitors for its enhanced conservation using the contingent valuation method. The contingent valuation survey was administered through face-to face interviews. Results show that out of 253 respondents, 79% expressed willingness to pay (WTP) for the enhanced conservation of MBG. The elicited mean WTP is PhP 73.79 ($1.46) on top of the current entrance fee of PhP 50.00 ($1)/visit. The significant factors affecting visitors’ WTP were bid amount, income, and education. Given the elicited mean WTP added to the current entrance fee and the average number of visitors of MBG (41,281) annually, the potential revenue of MBG if the WTP will be captured is about PhP 6.3 million ($124,758). Results of the study can serve as a reference in adjusting the entrance fee of the MBG to support the full implementation of MMFR's management plan in the context of an ASEAN Heritage Park. Keywords: Protected area, Ecosystem services, Sustainable financing, Resource use fees ID: 3622992 -
ArticleVisitors' perception of crowding in Mount Makiling Forest Reserve ASEAN Heritage Park
XV World Forestry Congress, 2-6 May 2022
2022Also available in:
No results found.Ecotourism has been gaining popularity today due to people being more environmentally aware and along with the growth of social media, people easily find more destinations to explore. Along with its growth, the number of people starts to crowd one specific destination and that’s when a particular visitor experiences the feeling of “overcrowding”. Online survey was done where each respondent was asked to evaluate the acceptability of several use levels as shown in four computer edited photographs of the Mariang Makiling Trail (MMT). Respondents between 20 and 60 years old participated in the study. Majority have attained college level education, and male were the more frequent visitors than women. The respondents come mostly in groups and sightseeing, or nature experience was the main motivation for visiting the site. Most of the respondents said they saw about 5 to 15 other people during their visit. In terms of preferred number of visitors while engaging in recreational activities, most of them said it is acceptable for them to have at least 5-15 other people. Furthermore, they also expressed 15 other people as the maximum number of visitors they feel is acceptable for them and a higher number of visitors will make them stop visiting the area. In terms of attitude towards crowding and satisfaction, majority of the respondents enjoyed their trip in Mt. Makiling, while at the same time; most of them only feel crowded when the maximum number of fellow users based on the photographs. Other findings based on the results of this study can provide insights to decision makers to manage more effectively the arrival and flow of visitors to avoid the feeling of overcrowding for each visitor and ensure the quality of their experiences during their visit. Keywords: Sustainable forest management, Adaptive and integrated management, Recreation overcrowding ID: 3623575 -
ArticleInfluence of forest visitors’ perceived restorativeness on social–psychological stress
XV World Forestry Congress, 2-6 May 2022
2022Also available in:
No results found.This study was conducted to verify the perceived restorativeness of citizens visiting forests on social–psychological stress and psychological resilience according to forest space type. The study involved a questionnaire survey conducted on citizens who visited forests between May 1 and July 15, 2020, when social distancing in daily life was being implemented. Three types of forest spaces (urban forest, national park, and natural recreation forest) were selected for the survey. They used the survey results of 1196 people as analysis data for this study. In this study, the PRS (Perceived Restorativeness Scale) and the PWI-SF (Psychosocial Well-being Index Short Form) were used to evaluate perceived restorativeness and social–psychological stress of citizens visiting forests. In the study, the average score of visitors’ perceived restorativeness was 5.31 ± 0.77. Social–psychological stress was found in the healthy group, potential stress group, and high-risk group. These groups made up 8.0%, 82.5%, and 9.5% of the respondents, respectively. Pearson’s correlation analysis between perceived restorativeness and social–psychological stress revealed that the higher the perceived restorativeness, the lower the social–psychological stress. “Diversion Mood”, “Not bored”, and “Coherence”, which are the sub-factors of perceived restorativeness according to the forest space type, were found to have meaningful results for psychological resilience. However, there was no significant difference in the forest space type between “Compatibility” and social–psychological stress, which are sub-factors of perceived restorativeness. In conclusion, the forest space type affects the psychological resilience of those who visit the forest. Urban forests, national parks, and natural recreation forests are places to reduce stress. Keywords: COVID-19; social–psychological stress; PWI-SF (Psychosocial Well-being Index Short Form); ART (attention restoration theory); PRS (Perceived Restorativeness Scale); forest cultural and recreational resources ID: 3474630
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