Acknowledgements

The status of women in agrifood systems was prepared by a team from the Inclusive Rural Transformation and Gender Equality Division (ESP) of FAO led by Lauren Phillips and Benjamin Davis, under the overall guidance of Máximo Torero (Chief Economist). Lauren Phillips, Erdgin Mane and Vanya Slavchevska coordinated the technical contributions and background papers prepared by experts from FAO, partner organisations and academia. A special thanks to Tacko Ndiaye, Libor Stloukal and the ESP Gender team.

All individuals are affiliated with the ESP Division unless otherwise specified.

Chapter 1
Benjamin Davis led the research and writing team for Chapter 1. Additional authors include: Lauren Phillips and Erdgin Mane. Annarita Macchioni Giaquinto provided statistics and analyses, and Natalia Piedrahita created graphics. Audrey Pereira and Ilaria Sisto wrote the spotlight on gender-based violence; Audrey Pereira wrote the the box on intersectionality. Carlo Cafiero (ESS); Romina Cavatassi, Ilaria Sisto, Vanya Slavchevska, Libor Stloukal and Sara Viviani (ESS) provided additional input.

Chapter 2
Vanya Slavchevska, Benjamin Davis and Erdgin Mane co-led the research and writing team for Chapter 2. Additional authors include: Valentina Costa and Natalia Piedrahita. Additional input was provided by Lauren Phillips, Gustavo Anríquez (Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile); Ilaria Sisto and Marwan Benali. Natalia Piedrahita, Marwan Benali and Silvia Vilimelis López prepared the figures. Yonca Gurbuzer (ESS) coordinated access to data from the International Labour Organization (ILO Harmonized Microdata), as well as reviewed and contributed to the data analysis.

Christina Rapone and Giorgia Prati revised the box on the feminization of agriculture. Elena Aguayo (PSUI) co-wrote the spotlight on Indigenous Peoples. Audrey Pereira wrote the boxes on time-use versus time-use agency, and gender-based violence and work in agrifood systems. Alexis Pellier and Mariola Acosta helped with boxes and the spotlight. Livia Celardo and Marcello Vicovaro (both ESN) provided data on food retailers from selected territorial markets. Patrizia Fracassi, Shinuna Gartner, Ti Kian Seow (all ESN) and Serena Stepanovic, Random Dubois (both World Vision US); Jedidah Ganira (World Vision Kenya) provided the findings of the study presented in Box 2.4.

We are grateful to Talip Kilic (World Bank) who commented on and edited the first draft of the chapter, as well as Amparo Palacios-Lopez (World Bank) who provided comments on the labour productivity methodology.

Chapter 3
Vanya Slavchevska led the research and writing team for Chapter 3. Additional authors include: Mariola Acosta, Huda Alsahi, Nimra Azhar, Annarita Macchioni Giaquinto, Martha Osorio, Ilaria Sisto and Muriel Veldman.

Elsa Valli, Mari Kangasniemi and Audrey Pereira wrote the box on social protection. Natalia Piedrahita, Martina Improta (ESA); Carly Petracco (ESA) and Nimra Azhar prepared the figures.

Additional inputs were provided by Lauren Phillips, Benjamin Davis, Libor Stloukal, Erdgin Mane, Yonca Gurbuzer (ESS), Veronica Boero (ESS), Ana Paula de la O Campos (ESA); Isabelle Carboni (GSMA); Nadia Jeffrie (GSMA); Matt Shanahan (GSMA) and Joseph Feyertag (ODI). Alexis Pellier (FAOFR) provided support in compiling the references section.

We are also grateful to Cheryl Doss (University of Oxford), who commented on and edited the first draft of the chapter and GSMA, who shared data with us from their annual consumer survey data for 2021.

Chapter 4
Lauren Phillips, Audrey Pereira and Mariola Acosta co-led the research and writing team for Chapter 4. Additional inputs were provided by Benjamin Davis, Martha Osorio, Ilaria Sisto and Vanya Slavchevska. Ivanna Beatriz Valverde, Silvia Vilimelis López and Ghita Abouyoub provided support for the GaPo Analysis. Natalia Piedrahita provided graphics support and Alexis Pellier provided support on data and graphics related to institutions.

We are grateful to Agnes Quisumbing (IFPRI) and Els Lecoutere (CGIAR GENDER platform) who commented on and edited several drafts of the chapter.

Chapter 5
Lauren Phillips and Erdgin Mane co-led the research and writing team for Chapter 5. Additional authors include Annarita Macchioni Giaquinto, Valentina Costa, Mariola Acosta and Romina Cavatassi.

Additional inputs were provided by Benjamin Davis, Vanya Slavchevska, Ilaria Sisto, Marwan Benali, Adriano Bolchini, Ariane Genthon, Natalia Piedrahita, Audrey Pereira, Elsa Valli and Mari Kangasniemi. We are grateful to Elizabeth Bryan (IFPRI), who read, commented on and edited the first draft of the report. We are also grateful to Tilman Brück, Piero Ronzani and Wolfgang Stojetz (all ISDC), who commented on the first draft and provided graphical inputs on conflicts.

We are grateful to OER and the Global Network Against Food Crises for their contribution to the preparation of this chapter.

Chapter 6
Lauren Phillips, Vanya Slavchevska and Mariola Acosta co-led the research and writing team for Chapter 6. The section on social protection was authored by Mari Kangasniemi, Audrey Pereira and Elsa Valli. Additional inputs were provided by Benjamin Davis, Erdgin Mane, Ilaria Sisto and Hajnalka Petrics. We are grateful to Melle Tiel Groenestege from GSMA for his review of the section on digitalization.

The methodology on estimating the gains in terms of GDP and food security from closing the farm productivity and wage gaps in agrifood systems was prepared by Erdgin Mane and Gustavo Anríquez, with inputs from Marwan Benali, Annarita Macchioni Giaquinto, Natalia Piedrahita, and Vanya Slavchevska. It was reviewed by Benjamin Davis, Maximo Torero and Carlo Cafiero.

The methodology on utilizing projects which empower women to increase incomes and resilience was written by Romina Cavatassi, and the calculations were completed by Romina Cavatassi, Lauren Phillips and Vanya Slavchevska, with support from Alexis Pellier and Giuseppe Maggio (Università degli Studi di Palermo and IFAD). They were reviewed by Benjamin Davis, Máximo Torero, Paul Winters (University of Notre Dame) and Aslihan Arslan (IFAD). We are grateful to Sara Savastano and IFAD for allowing use of data from the IFAD11 Impact Assessment for these estimations.

The box with evidence on the cost effectiveness of gender-transformative approaches was supported by Michael O’Sullivan and Aletheia Amalia Donald of the World Bank’s Gender Innovation Lab, with additional drafting by Alexis Pellier. Huda Alsahi helped write parts in the sections on digitalisation, and Ghita Abouyoub and Martha Osorio contributed to the sections on land. Throughout this report, all sections on gender-based violence were led by Audrey Pereira and Ilaria Sisto, with input from Lora Forsythe (University of Greenwich). Additional inputs on gender-based violence were provided by Benjamin Davis and Lauren Phillips.

Report review
Colleagues in the following FAO divisions provided comments on various sections of the report: ESA, ESP, ESS, EST, ESN, LEG, PSUI, ESF, and TCI.

The Directors and Deputy Directors of the Economic and Social Development (ES) stream provided comments.

Gender Focal Points (GFPs) in FAO headquarters and Regional Offices provided comments in the earlier drafts and during the GFPs meeting.

A team of scientists from the GENDER Impact Platform read and provided written comments to the first draft of the report.

Background papers
Six background papers for this report were prepared by the CGIAR GENDER Impact platform, which also contributed to the co-organisation of the first expert consultation held in June 2022 and prepared the related report. Authors included (alphabetically by last name): Esther Leah Achandi (ILRI); Muzna Alvi (IFPRI); Edidah Lubega Ampaire (IDRC); Elizabeth Bryan (IFPRI); Lucia Carrillo (IFPRI); Afrina Choudhury (WorldFish); Steven Cole (IITA); Nicoline de Haan (CGIAR GENDER Platform); Marlène Elias (The Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT); Linda Etale (IRRI); Simone Faas (IFPRI); Gundula Fischer (IITA); Alessandra Galiè (ILRI); Hom Gartaula (CIMMYT); Tatiana Gumucio (Clark University); Melissa Hidrobo (IFPRI); Sophia Huyer (ILRI); Humphrey Jumba (ILRI); Katrina Kosec (IFPRI); Els Lecoutere (CGIAR GENDER Platform); Hazel Malapit (IFPRI); Margaret Najjingo Mangheni (Makerere University); Ruth Meinzen-Dick (IFPRI); Avni Mishra (IRRI); Emily Myers (IFPRI); Dina Najjar (ICARDA); Eileen Nchanji (The Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT); Ana Maria Paez Valencia (The Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT); Ranjitha Puskur (IRRI); Agnes Quisumbing (IFPRI); Catherine Ragasa (IFPRI); Bhim Reddy (IRRI); Claudia Ringler (IFPRI); Greg Seymour (IFPRI); Niyati Singaraju (IRRI); Katie Tavenner (independent consultant); Jennifer Twyman (independent consultant); Bjorn Van Campenhout (IFPRI) and Haley Zaremba (The Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT).

The report also drew from additional papers prepared by (alphabetically by last name): Gustavo Anríquez (Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile); Carlo Azzarri (IFPRI); Marwan Benali, Tilman Brück (ISDC); Elizabeth Bryan (IFPRI); Carlo Cafiero (ESS); Valentina Costa, Benjamin Davis, Yonca Gurbuzer (ESS); Anne Karam (KIT Royal Tropical Institute); Froukje Kruijssen (KIT Royal Tropical Institute); Annarita Macchioni Giaquinto, Erdgin Mane, Gianluigi Nico (World Bank); Natalia Piedrahita, Rhiannon Pyburn (KIT Royal Tropical Institute); Claudia Ringler (IFPRI); Piero Ronzani (ISDC); Nicholas Sitko, Vanya Slavchevska, Cedric Steijn (KIT Royal Tropical Institute); Wolfgang Stojetz (ISDC) and Sara Viviani (ESS).

Expert consultations
External participants included: Gustavo Anríquez (Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile); Aslihan Arslan (IFAD); Carlo Azzarri (IFPRI); Stephanie Barrientos (Global Development Institute at The University of Manchester); Brenda Behan (WFP); Nicole Brandt (Global Affairs Canada); Tilman Brück (ISDC); Elizabeth Bryan (IFPRI); Isabelle Carboni (ISDC); Luc Christaensen (World Bank); Maarten de Groot (Global Affairs Canada); Nicoline de Haan (CGIAR GENDER platform); Aletheia Donald (World Bank); Cheryl Doss (University of Oxford); Stephan Dohrn (Radical Inclusion); Marlène Elias (The Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT); Nikita Eriksenhamel (Global Affairs Canada); Linda Etale (IRRI); Cathy Farnworth (independent consultant); Maria Floro (American University); Lora Forsythe (University of Greenwich); Haris Gazdar (Research Collective); Melissa Hidrobo (IFPRI); Marya Hillesland (University of Oxford); Steven Jonckheere (IFAD); Susan Kaaria (African Women in Agricultural Research and Development [AWARD]); Naomi Kenney (University of Strathclyde, Glasgow); Aslihan Kes (USAID); Talip Kilic (World Bank); Katrina Kosec (IFPRI); Chiara Kovarik (Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation); Els Lecoutere (CGIAR GENDER Platform); Flora Mak (Global Affairs Canada); Hazel Malapit (IFPRI); Cristina Manfre (Technoserve); Michael O’Sullivan (World Bank); Amparo Palacios Lopez (World Bank); Athur Mabiso (IFAD); Giuseppe Maggio (Università degli Studi di Palermo and IFAD); Cristina Manfre (Technoserve); Jemimah Njuki (UN Women); Katja Osterwalder (WFP); Ranjitha Puskur (IRRI); Rhiannon Pyburn (KIT Royal Tropical Institute); Agnes Quisumbing (IFPRI); Farzana Ramzan (USAID); Léa Rouanet (World Bank); Greg Seymour (IFPRI); Anatoliy Shatkovskyy (Global Affairs Canada); Bimbika Sijapati Basnett (PROSPERA); Niyati Singaraju (IRRI); Meredith Soule (USAID); Wolfgang Stojetz (International Security and Development Center); Vicki Wilde (Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation) and Alberto Zezza (World Bank).

Internal participants within FAO included: Lois Archimbaud, Veronica Boero, Ida Christensen, Piero Conforti, Ana Paula De la O Campos, Patrizia Fracassi, Yonca Gurbuzer, Mari Kangasniemi, Aida Khalil, Tacko Ndiaye, Nicholas Sitko, Margret Vidar and all of the members of the ESP team who contributed to the preparation of the report.

We are grateful for the many useful comments we received during CSO consultations which included members from: Action Against Hunger, ActionAid USA, African Indigenous Women’s Organization, Alliance for Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA); AIDOS, Associated Country Women of the World (ACWW); Association of Women in Agriculture Kenya, CARE International, Central Asia Pastoral Alliance, National Federation of Pasture User Groups, EcoAngola, FECOFUN, Food Rights Alliance, Heifer International, Human Dignity and Environmental Care Foundation (HUDEFO); Indigenous Information Network (IIN); International Alert, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD); Jagaran Community Development Centre, Jamaica Network of Rural Women Producers, Mercy Corps, Organismo Participativo de Avaliação da Conformidade (Opac); Palestinian Center for Economic Development, Pastoral Women’s Council (PWC); RECONCILE, Rural Women Assembly, Sahel Consulting, Self Employed Women’s Association (SEWA); Netherlands Development Organization (SNV), Voluntary Service Overseas, WADI, Women’s Association of Deir el Ahmar and independent consultants.

The following organisations provided case study materials or other relevant materials: Global Affairs Canada, CARE Canada and CARE International, World Bank Gender Innovation Lab, Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) and Mercy Corps.

Editorial, administrative & communications support
Viviana Di Bari led the production of the report. The publication was greatly enhanced by Bruce Ross-Larson and Joe Caponio (both Communications Development, Inc) who provided editorial and content-structuring support. Paul Neat led copy-editing, with support from Sylvie Baumgartel. Creative design, graphics and layout provided by M&C Saatchi World Services. Art&Design supported with the layout and graphic design.

Ambra Sangiorgio, Nathalie Silvestri and Hebah Abu Afifeh provided administrative support throughout the process, while Stenio Andrade and Fiona Funke provided support on the facilitation and organisation of the expert consultations. Isabella Clemente, Francesca Jones, Deborah Basilici and Olivera Luketic provided additional support.

Mariola Acosta, Annarita Macchioni Giaquinto, Audrey Pereira, Lea Berthelin and Alexis Pellier provided support with the references of the report and helped to address copy-editing issues.

Ilaria Sisto, Audrey Pereira and Alexis Pellier prepared the Glossary for the report.

Olivier Lavagne d’Ortigue (ESS) produced the maps in the report.

Translations were delivered by the Language Branch (CSGL) of the FAO Governing Bodies Servicing Division (CSG).

Viviana Di Bari and Melina Archer led outreach and communications for the report and expert workshops. The team in the Communication Office has provided excellent support, especially the Publications team. The communications campaign was designed by M&C Saatchi Group. We gratefully acknowledge the financial contribution made by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to support the communication and dissemination of the report.