The State of Food and Agriculture 2024

ANNEXES

ANNEX 2: Statistical tables

TABLE A2.1ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND HEALTH HIDDEN COSTS (MILLION 2020 PPP DOLLARS)

A table presents quantified environmental, social, and health hidden costs for 2020, organized by country, region, and globally. It includes total hidden costs and further breaks them down into key subcategories. Under environmental costs, it captures the hidden costs from greenhouse gas emissions, land-use changes, and nitrogen use. Under, social costs it displays the quantities for agrifood worker poverty and undernourishment. Finally health hidden costs cover dietary risks associated with non-communicable diseases, with main dietary patterns highlighte A continuation of the table in the previous page presents data under the following column headers: country/territory; total hidden costs; environmental: greenhouse gases, land-use change, nitrogen; social: agrifood worker poverty, undernourishment; and health: dietary risks associated with non-communicable diseases: high in processed foods and additives, consumption of animal source whole foods, low in plant whole foods, and low in beneficial fatty acids. A continuation of the table in the previous page presents data under the following column headers: country/territory; total hidden costs; environmental: greenhouse gases, land-use change, nitrogen; social: agrifood worker poverty, undernourishment; and health: dietary risks associated with non-communicable diseases: high in processed foods and additives, consumption of animal source whole foods, low in plant whole foods, and low in beneficial fatty acids. A continuation of the table in the previous page presents data under the following column headers: country/territory; total hidden costs; environmental: greenhouse gases, land-use change, nitrogen; social: agrifood worker poverty, undernourishment; and health: dietary risks associated with non-communicable diseases: high in processed foods and additives, consumption of animal source whole foods, low in plant whole foods, and low in beneficial fatty acids. A continuation of the table in the previous page presents data under the following column headers: country/territory; total hidden costs; environmental: greenhouse gases, land-use change, nitrogen; social: agrifood worker poverty, undernourishment; and health: dietary risks associated with non-communicable diseases: high in processed foods and additives, consumption of animal source whole foods, low in plant whole foods, and low in beneficial fatty acids A continuation of the table in the previous page presents data under the following column headers: country/territory; total hidden costs; environmental: greenhouse gases, land-use change, nitrogen; social: agrifood worker poverty, undernourishment; and health: dietary risks associated with non-communicable diseases: high in processed foods and additives, consumption of animal source whole foods, low in plant whole foods, and low in beneficial fatty acids.
NOTES: All values are expected values. Negative values for hidden costs due to land-use change are driven by the return of forest or other natural land on abandoned agricultural land (through afforestation or reforestation) leading to hidden benefits in the form of returned ecosystem services – herein expressed as negative hidden costs. The letters in parentheses refer to the typology to which the country belongs: protracted crisis (PC); traditional (T); expanding (E); diversifying (D); formalizing (F); industrial (I); not applicable (*). For the breakdown of the dietary risks associated with non-communicable diseases, see Table A2.2. For the methodology, refer to FAO. 2023. The State of Food and Agriculture 2023. Revealing the true cost of food to transform agrifood systems. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc7724en; Lord, S. 2023. Hidden costs of agrifood systems and recent trends from 2016 to 2023 – Background paper for The State of Food and Agriculture 2023. FAO Agricultural Development Economics Technical Study, No. 31. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc8581en; Lord, S. 2024. Hidden costs of agrifood systems: an update to the methodology for the State of Food and Agriculture 2024. Rome, FAO.

TABLE A2.2HEALTH HIDDEN COSTS BY DIETARY PATTERN (MILLION 2020 PPP DOLLARS)

A table breaks down quantified health hidden costs by dietary risks associated with non-communicable diseases for 2020, organized by country, region, and globally. The header health is divided into four sub-headers as follows: high in processed foods and additives (processed meat, sugar-sweetened beverages, sodium, trans fatty acids), consumption of animal source whole foods (low in milk, high in red milk), low in plant whole foods (whole grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds, fruits, and vegetables), and low in beneficial fatty acids (polyunsaturated fatty acids, seafood omega-3 fatty acids) The continuation of the table from the previous page shows data under the following column headers: country/territory, and health (dietary risks associated with non-communicable diseases). The header health is divided into four sub-headers as follows: high in processed foods and additives (processed meat, sugar-sweetened beverages, sodium, trans fatty acids), consumption of animal source whole foods (low in milk, high in red milk), low in plant whole foods (whole grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds, fruits, and vegetables), and low in beneficial fatty acids (polyunsaturated fatty acids, seafood omega-3 fatty acids) The continuation of the table from the previous page shows data under the following column headers: country/territory, and health (dietary risks associated with non-communicable diseases). The header health is divided into four sub-headers as follows: high in processed foods and additives (processed meat, sugar-sweetened beverages, sodium, trans fatty acids), consumption of animal source whole foods (low in milk, high in red milk), low in plant whole foods (whole grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds, fruits, and vegetables), and low in beneficial fatty acids (polyunsaturated fatty acids, seafood omega-3 fatty acids) The continuation of the table from the previous page shows data under the following column headers: country/territory, and health (dietary risks associated with non-communicable diseases). The header health is divided into four sub-headers as follows: high in processed foods and additives (processed meat, sugar-sweetened beverages, sodium, trans fatty acids), consumption of animal source whole foods (low in milk, high in red milk), low in plant whole foods (whole grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds, fruits, and vegetables), and low in beneficial fatty acids (polyunsaturated fatty acids, seafood omega-3 fatty acids) The continuation of the table from the previous page shows data under the following column headers: country/territory, and health (dietary risks associated with non-communicable diseases). The header health is divided into four sub-headers as follows: high in processed foods and additives (processed meat, sugar-sweetened beverages, sodium, trans fatty acids), consumption of animal source whole foods (low in milk, high in red milk), low in plant whole foods (whole grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds, fruits, and vegetables), and low in beneficial fatty acids (polyunsaturated fatty acids, seafood omega-3 fatty acids) The continuation of the table from the previous page shows data under the following column headers: country/territory, and health (dietary risks associated with non-communicable diseases). The header health is divided into four sub-headers as follows: high in processed foods and additives (processed meat, sugar-sweetened beverages, sodium, trans fatty acids), consumption of animal source whole foods (low in milk, high in red milk), low in plant whole foods (whole grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds, fruits, and vegetables), and low in beneficial fatty acids (polyunsaturated fatty acids, seafood omega-3 fatty acids) The continuation of the table from the previous page shows data under the following column headers: country/territory, and health (dietary risks associated with non-communicable diseases). The header health is divided into four sub-headers as follows: high in processed foods and additives (processed meat, sugar-sweetened beverages, sodium, trans fatty acids), consumption of animal source whole foods (low in milk, high in red milk), low in plant whole foods (whole grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds, fruits, and vegetables), and low in beneficial fatty acids (polyunsaturated fatty acids, seafood omega-3 fatty acids) The continuation of the table from the previous page shows data under the following column headers: country/territory, and health (dietary risks associated with non-communicable diseases). The header health is divided into four sub-headers as follows: high in processed foods and additives (processed meat, sugar-sweetened beverages, sodium, trans fatty acids), consumption of animal source whole foods (low in milk, high in red milk), low in plant whole foods (whole grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds, fruits, and vegetables), and low in beneficial fatty acids (polyunsaturated fatty acids, seafood omega-3 fatty acids)
NOTES: The letters in parentheses refer to the typology to which the country belongs: protracted crisis (PC); traditional (T); expanding (E); diversifying (D); formalizing (F); industrial (I); not applicable (*). For the methodology, refer to Lord, S. 2024. Hidden costs of agrifood systems: an update to the methodology for the State of Food and Agriculture 2024. Rome, FAO.
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