TABLES

1 Desired outcomes that are most effective in decreasing the hidden cost subcategories by country, 2050

2 Levers for channelling purchasing power to healthier and more sustainable diets

3 Distributional challenges and mechanisms to address spatial and temporal divides between agrifood systems actors for transformation

A2.1 Environmental, social and health hidden costs (million 2020 PPP dollars)

A2.2 Health hidden costs by dietary patterns (million 2020 PPP dollars)

A3 Existing global studies on agrifood support policy reform


FIGURES

1 Global map of the agrifood systems typology

2 Rankings of variables used to create the agrifood systems typology

3 Global agrifood systems actors

4 Levers for agrifood systems transformation

5 Country income groups within agrifood systems categories

6 Quantified hidden costs by agrifood systems category

7 Quantified hidden costs as a share of gross domestic product by agrifood systems category

8 Dietary non-communicable disease risks of under- and over-consumption of foods and nutrients by agrifood systems category

9 Selected agrifood systems indicators by agrifood systems category

10 Distribution of farm size by agrifood systems category

11 Agricultural value added as a share of gross domestic product and per worker by agrifood systems category

12 Emissions per unit of agricultural land and per unit of value added by agrifood systems category

13 Primary and secondary food production characteristics across agrifood systems categories

14 Employment in agrifood systems by sex and category, 2021


BOXES

1 Understanding true cost accounting: a two-phase assessment

2 Can and should the hidden benefits of agrifood systems be quantified? How?

3 Tracing pathways from hidden costs to impacts

4 Global Burden of Disease data

5 Refining and breaking down global health hidden costs in order to identify levers

6 Challenges of agrifood systems in protracted crisis countries and territories

7 Description of the machine-learning exercise to link food availability to food intake

8 The need to go to subnational level for tailored country-level true cost accounting assessments

9 The challenges and opportunities of stakeholder consultations as part of tailored true cost accounting assessments: insights from Switzerland

10 TEEBAgriFood stakeholder consultations and success stories: examples from India and Brazil

11 Unlocking potential: the value of addressing the hidden costs of gender gaps in agriculture

12 Hidden costs of coffee production in East African value chains

13 Environmental stewardship among small-scale fisheries

14 Farmer protests in Europe

15 True cost accounting of community-managed natural farming in India

16 The World Banana Forum Commission on Living Wages and Income

17 Retailers call for living wages in the banana sector

18 Introducing true costs at the supermarket checkout: PENNY’s initiative

19 Investing in sustainable agrifood systems in the Kingdom of the Netherlands

20 Investing in agroecological businesses in East Africa

21 Economic access to energy-sufficient versus healthy diets

22 Addressing the social hidden costs of agrifood systems through the right to food

23 Assessing diet quality through 24-hour recalls and associations with overweight and obesity and diet-related non-communicable disease risk factors

24 The Cost of Hunger methodology for Africa and Latin America

25 Healthy diets are essential, but not sufficient to eliminate stunting

26 The hidden health, environmental and social value of supporting breastfeeding

27 Policies reinforcing healthy food environments: the case of Chile

28 New York City’s procurement policy experience: policy enablers and challenges

29 Sodium intake trends: balancing product reformulation and consumer behaviour

30 Guidance for national governments on true cost accounting

31 Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation – reducing hidden costs by financing economically viable and sustainable practices

32 Levelling the playing field: European Union Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive

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