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ArticleTackling the trade in illegal timber: a comparative study of legal frameworks
XV World Forestry Congress, 2-6 May 2022
2022Also available in:
No results found.Illegal logging and trade in illegal timber is a major cause of deforestation, which contributes to the global impact of climate change, depletion of natural resources and decreasing biodiversity, thereby frustrating efforts towards sustainable forest management. It further negatively effects countries’ socio-economic growth, food security, and poverty alleviation efforts, in particular local communities who depend on forests for their livelihood. Over the past years, major international markets have developed regulatory frameworks to combat illegal logging and associated trade. This comprehensive study provides an analytical framework for comparing requirements for timber legality and enforcement approaches and impacts of the laws in a range of timber-importing countries. Special emphasis is given to markets that have developed legal mechanisms and effective legislative options to combat the illegal introduction, import and trade of timber and other forest products. An in-depth analysis of case studies is undertaken to identify trends, emerging options or good examples, which could be used as reference or inspiration for developing effective legal frameworks and requirements on the legality of timber. This comprehensive overview and comparison of legislative approaches across regions intends to be a valuable information resource for researchers, policymakers, and timber trading companies, providing guidance on their compliance requirements. Keywords: timber legality frameworks, illegal logging ID: 3485653 -
ArticleA species-specific approach for tracing Brazilian timber origins and associated illegality risks across the supply-chain
XV World Forestry Congress, 2-6 May 2022
2022Also available in:
No results found.The rise in global demand for agricultural and forest commodities have created unparalleled pressure on forests, leading to loss of carbon, biodiversity, ecosystems services, and livelihoods. While we know more about how commodity production and trade is linked to deforestation, such connection still largely unexplored for forest degradation despite the threat rivaling or exceeding that of deforestation. Timber extraction is the largest direct anthropic driver of forest degradation and its illegal share a pervasive source across domestic and international markets. Here we seek to lay the foundations for connecting localities of production to consumption, presenting a species- specific approach to quantifying sources of illegality risk across the supply chain. By adapting material flow analyses and environmentally extended input-output models to timber originating from Brazilian native forests, we demonstrate how distinct risks can be mapped and quantified. We focus on the Amazon state of Pará; a leading producer of timber, of high-value ipê, and contested forest frontier. Data on logging permits and state-level Document of Forest Origin are used to estimate sources of illegality risk associated with overstated ipê yields, unclear forest of origin and discrepancies resulting from missing physical flows. We find that less than one fourth of all ipê volume entering supply-chains in 2017-2019 is risk-free. The area explored under logging permits and volumes entering the supply chain suggest an average yield of 1.6 m3ha-1, which exceeds the 90% percentile of reported ipê tree densities for region. Nearly a third of supply-chain flows cannot be accounted for by Pará’s state-level system. Despite important limitations to this study, it puts forward an approach that can be refined and leveraged to monitor illegally logged timber entry- points and can contribute to increased transparency in Brazilian timber supply chains. Keywords: timber illegality, forest-risk commodity, environmentally-extended input-output models, Handroanthus spp., Brazilian Amazon -
ArticleCase study of national timber legality systems as global efforts to prevent illegal logging
XV World Forestry Congress, 2-6 May 2022
2022Also available in:
No results found.Global society has been putting efforts together to prevent forests from rampant deforestation and illegal logging worldwide since sustainability is a common goal for the Earth. At the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) called Rio+10, global efforts of timber importing countries and private sectors to restrain illegal logging were discussed in 2002. As a market instrument to eradicate illegal logging, timber legality systems in consumer countries have been implemented, starting with the United States since 2008, the European Union (EU) since 2013, Indonesia since 2016, Australia since 2017, Japan since 2018, and the Republic of Korea since 2019. In the implementation stage of the timber legality, the due diligence system plays a role in reducing the risk of illegally logged timber in a supply chain. This study investigated the due diligence system of Australian timber legality as a good practice and analyzed it according to the standard of risk management of International Standard Organization (ISO) consisting of 1) risk identification, 2) risk analysis, 3) risk assessment, 4) risk treatment, and 5) monitoring and review. As a result, the due diligence system of Australia was compatible with the risk management criteria of ISO. The timber legality in Australia was established based on relevant laws and regulations. Its system stepwise was composed of risk assessment and mitigation as well as risk identification and analysis of illegal logging possibility in accordance with origins and species. Eventually, this study clarified the structure of due diligence systems and evaluated the crucial points of these systems based on standards of ISO risk management. Results of this study will contribute to our understanding of timber legality towards sustainable development. Keywords: International Standard Organization (ISO), Timber Legality System, Due Diligence, Risk Management ID: 3623617
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