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Book (stand-alone)Technical bookOptions for addressing the risk of non-permanence for land-based mitigation in carbon crediting programmes 2024
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No results found.To mitigate climate change, global efforts must focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and removing atmospheric CO2. Carbon crediting programmes offer incentives by issuing tradable credits for each tonne of CO2 equivalent reduced or removed. However, these credits often face a challenge called "non-permanence" or reversal risk, where carbon stored in reservoirs like forests and soils may be rereleased due to natural or human-induced events.Reversal risks arise from various factors, including susceptibility to depletion, underlying drivers of depletion, and reservoir size. Carbon crediting programmes address this through monitoring, temporary crediting, and issuance deductions to account for future reversals. Some programmes also propose “tonne-year” crediting, where credits are issued for each year carbon remains stored.Host countries bear the responsibility for reversals within their borders, which complicates their ability to meet nationally determined contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement. This potential imbalance necessitates improved greenhouse gas inventory systems, fair sharing of mitigation benefits, and prioritizing low-risk projects. Effective reversal risk management requires a long-term approach to minimize risks, recognizing the inherent non-permanence in land-based mitigation activities.This paper was produced by FAO under its AIM4Forests programme thanks to finance from the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. -
Book (stand-alone)HandbookGreen Climate Fund handbook for North Macedonia 2019
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The Green Climate Fund Handbook for North Macedonia was prepared by the FAO Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia, under the leadership and guidance of the Cabinet of the Deputy President of the Government of the Republic of North Macedonia in charge of Economic Affairs as National Designated Authority to the Green Climate Fund (GCF). This technical document was developed in the context of the implementation of the first GCF Readiness and Preparatory Support grant, under the overall coordination of Ms Tania Santivanez, Lead Technical Officer and Ms Carmen Arguello Lopez, FAO GCF Advisor. The document introduces key facts about the Green Climate Fund. It aims to provide guidance to stakeholders engaged in the area of climate change and sustainable development on how to access GCF resources and implement GCF-funded projects in North Macedonia. It is expected that these efforts will contribute to the successful implementation of the Nationally Determined Contributions and to overall achievement of the objective of the United Nations Convention on Climate Change and SDG 13 on Climate Action. -
Book (stand-alone)Corporate general interestThe triple gap in finance for agrifood systems
Revised February 2025
2025Also available in:
No results found.This report presents the first comprehensive analysis of climate finance needs for agrifood systems to help meet the 1.5-degree objective. Low-carbon and resilient agrifood systems are vital to ensure the food security and sustainable development of a growing human population and global economic development. This report aims to better inform decision-makers and investors in the agrifood space. Establishing this baseline for financial needs can help to track action against the efforts required to mitigate and adapt to climate change.
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Book (series)FlagshipThe State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2022
Repurposing food and agricultural policies to make healthy diets more affordable
2022This year’s report should dispel any lingering doubts that the world is moving backwards in its efforts to end hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition in all its forms. We are now only eight years away from 2030, but the distance to reach many of the SDG 2 targets is growing wider each year. There are indeed efforts to make progress towards SDG 2, yet they are proving insufficient in the face of a more challenging and uncertain context. The intensification of the major drivers behind recent food insecurity and malnutrition trends (i.e. conflict, climate extremes and economic shocks) combined with the high cost of nutritious foods and growing inequalities will continue to challenge food security and nutrition. This will be the case until agrifood systems are transformed, become more resilient and are delivering lower cost nutritious foods and affordable healthy diets for all, sustainably and inclusively. -
Book (stand-alone)Technical bookThe future of food and agriculture - Trends and challenges 2017
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No results found.What will be needed to realize the vision of a world free from hunger and malnutrition? After shedding light on the nature of the challenges that agriculture and food systems are facing now and throughout the 21st century, the study provides insights into what is at stake and what needs to be done. “Business as usual” is not an option. Major transformations in agricultural systems, rural economies, and natural resources management are necessary. The present study was undertaken for the quadrennial review of FAO’s strategic framework and for the preparation of the Organization Medium-Term plan 2018-2021. -
DocumentOther documentReducing inequalities for food security and nutrition
A report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition
2023The report “Reducing inequalities for food security and nutrition” has been developed by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition (HLPE-FSN) following the request by the United Nations Committee on World Food Security (CFS) as included in its Programme of Work (MYPoW 2020-2023). In particular, the CFS requested the HLPE-FSN to develop a report to: (i) analyse evidence relating to how inequalities in access to assets (particularly land, other natural resources and finance) and in incomes within food systems impede opportunities for many actors to overcome food insecurity and malnutrition; (ii) analyse the drivers of inequalities and provide recommendations on entry points to address these; and (iii) identify areas requiring further research and data collection. This report will inform the ensuing CFS thematic workstream on inequalities, aiming at addressing the root causes of food insecurity with a focus on those “most affected by hunger and malnutrition”.