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Book (stand-alone)Technical bookOptions for addressing the risk of non-permanence for land-based mitigation in carbon crediting programmes 2024
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No results found.To mitigate climate change, global efforts must focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and removing atmospheric CO2. Carbon crediting programmes offer incentives by issuing tradable credits for each tonne of CO2 equivalent reduced or removed. However, these credits often face a challenge called "non-permanence" or reversal risk, where carbon stored in reservoirs like forests and soils may be rereleased due to natural or human-induced events.Reversal risks arise from various factors, including susceptibility to depletion, underlying drivers of depletion, and reservoir size. Carbon crediting programmes address this through monitoring, temporary crediting, and issuance deductions to account for future reversals. Some programmes also propose “tonne-year” crediting, where credits are issued for each year carbon remains stored.Host countries bear the responsibility for reversals within their borders, which complicates their ability to meet nationally determined contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Agreement. This potential imbalance necessitates improved greenhouse gas inventory systems, fair sharing of mitigation benefits, and prioritizing low-risk projects. Effective reversal risk management requires a long-term approach to minimize risks, recognizing the inherent non-permanence in land-based mitigation activities.This paper was produced by FAO under its AIM4Forests programme thanks to finance from the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. -
Book (stand-alone)HandbookGreen Climate Fund handbook for North Macedonia 2019
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The Green Climate Fund Handbook for North Macedonia was prepared by the FAO Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia, under the leadership and guidance of the Cabinet of the Deputy President of the Government of the Republic of North Macedonia in charge of Economic Affairs as National Designated Authority to the Green Climate Fund (GCF). This technical document was developed in the context of the implementation of the first GCF Readiness and Preparatory Support grant, under the overall coordination of Ms Tania Santivanez, Lead Technical Officer and Ms Carmen Arguello Lopez, FAO GCF Advisor. The document introduces key facts about the Green Climate Fund. It aims to provide guidance to stakeholders engaged in the area of climate change and sustainable development on how to access GCF resources and implement GCF-funded projects in North Macedonia. It is expected that these efforts will contribute to the successful implementation of the Nationally Determined Contributions and to overall achievement of the objective of the United Nations Convention on Climate Change and SDG 13 on Climate Action. -
Book (stand-alone)Corporate general interestThe triple gap in finance for agrifood systems
Revised February 2025
2025Also available in:
No results found.This report presents the first comprehensive analysis of climate finance needs for agrifood systems to help meet the 1.5-degree objective. Low-carbon and resilient agrifood systems are vital to ensure the food security and sustainable development of a growing human population and global economic development. This report aims to better inform decision-makers and investors in the agrifood space. Establishing this baseline for financial needs can help to track action against the efforts required to mitigate and adapt to climate change.
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Book (stand-alone)Technical bookClimate change and food security: risks and responses 2015
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End hunger, achieve food security and improve nutrition are at the heart of the sustainable development goals. The World has committed to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger by 2030. But climate change is undermining the livelihoods and food security of the rural poor, who constitute almost 80 percent of the world’s poor. The effects of climate change on our ecosystems are already severe and widespread. Climate change brings a cascade of impacts from agroecosystems to livelihoods. Climate change impacts directly agroecosystems, which in turn has a potential impact on agricultural production, which drives economic and social impacts, which impact livelihoods. In other words, impacts translate from climate to the environment, to the productive sphere, to economic and social dimensions. Therefore, ensuring food security in the face of climate change is among the most daunting challenges facing humankind. Action is urgently needed now to reduce vulnerability and increase resilience of food systems to ensure food security and good nutrition for all. -
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Book (series)FlagshipThe State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2022
Repurposing food and agricultural policies to make healthy diets more affordable
2022This year’s report should dispel any lingering doubts that the world is moving backwards in its efforts to end hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition in all its forms. We are now only eight years away from 2030, but the distance to reach many of the SDG 2 targets is growing wider each year. There are indeed efforts to make progress towards SDG 2, yet they are proving insufficient in the face of a more challenging and uncertain context. The intensification of the major drivers behind recent food insecurity and malnutrition trends (i.e. conflict, climate extremes and economic shocks) combined with the high cost of nutritious foods and growing inequalities will continue to challenge food security and nutrition. This will be the case until agrifood systems are transformed, become more resilient and are delivering lower cost nutritious foods and affordable healthy diets for all, sustainably and inclusively.