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DocumentOther documentДП 8: Ditylenchus dipsaci и Ditylenchus destructor. МСФМ 27 Приложение 8. ДИАГНОСТИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОТОКОЛЫ. 2016Входящие в большой род Ditylenchus Filipjev, 1936 виды нематод распространены во всем мире, и большинство видов являются грибоядными. Однако данный род включает несколько видов, имеющих большое экономическое значение как вредители высших растений (Sturhan and Brzeski, 1991). Необходимо отметить, что, хотя есть несколько растений (например, свекла, люцерна, клевер), которые поражаются как Ditylenchus dipsaci, так и Ditylenchus destructor, два этих вида редко встречаются вместе на одном растении ( Andrássy and Farkas, 1988).
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DocumentOther documentДП 9: Род Anastrepha Schiner. МСФМ 27 Приложение 9. ДИАГНОСТИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОТОКОЛЫ. 2016В семейство пестрокрылок (Tephritidae) входит около 4450 видов, объединяемых примерно в 500 родов (Norrbom et al., 1999a, 1999b; Norrbom, 2004b) (в 2014 году число видов оценивалось примерно в 4700 (по личным сообщениям A.L. Norrbom, 2014)). Представители семейства распространены во всем мире в регионах с умеренным, субтропическим и тропическим климатом. Anastrepha Schiner (Tephritidae: Toxotrypanini) является самым крупным родом Tephritidae в Северной и Южной Америке, представленным более чем 2 50 видами, которые встречаются от юга Соединенных Штатов (Техас и Флорида) до северной Аргентины (Hernández-Ortiz, 1992; Foote et al., 1993; Hernández-Ortiz and Aluja, 1993; Norrbom, 2004b; Norrbom et al., 2012). По меньшей мере семь видов Anastrepha считаются вредителями, имеющими важное экономическое значение, в связи с огромной ролью культивируемых плодовых растений, которые они поражают (например, манго и цитрусовые), и большим разнообразием растений-хозяев. Этими семью видами являются A. fr aterculus (Wiedemann), A. grandis (Macquart), A. ludens (Loew), A. obliqua (Macquart), A. serpentina (Wiedemann), A. striata Schiner и A. suspensa (Loew). A. fraterculus (Wiedemann) признан комплексом криптических видов (Hernández-Ortiz et al., 2004, 2012; Selivon et al., 2004, 2005; Vera et al., 2006, Cáceres et al., 2009). Настоящий диагностический протокол для Anastrepha охватывает морфологическую идентификацию рода и видов, имеющих важное экономическое значение. Дополнительную общую информац ию о видах Tephritidae можно найти в Norrbom (2010).
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DocumentOther documentМСФМ 27 ДИАГНОСТИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОТОКОЛЫ. ДП 5: Phyllosticta citricarpa (McAlpine) Aa на плодах. Приложение 5 2014Phyllosticta citricarpa (McAlpine) Aa, возбудитель "черной пятнистости цитрусовых", является грибом, вызывающим пятна на листьях и поверхностное повреждение плодов Citrus, Poncirus и Fortunella и их гибридов. Кроме Citrus aurantium и его гибридов, а также Citrus latifolia, все коммерчески выращиваемые виды Citrus восприимчивы к этой болезни (Aguilar-Vildoso et al., 2002; Kotzé, 2000). Citrus limon является особо восприимчивым и, таким образом, как правило, это первый вид Citrus, на котором прояв ляются симптомы болезни после того, как патоген интродуцируется в новую зону (Kotzé, 2000). Черная пятнистость цитрусовых впервые была отмечена в Австралии в 1895 году на Citrus sinensis (Benson, 1895). В настоящее время она присутствует в некоторых зонах Африки, Азии, Австралии и Северной и Южной Америки, производящих цитрусовые (CABI, 2011; NAPPO, 2010; Schubert et al., 2012). Не было оповещений о выявлении организма в Европе, Центральной Америке и Карибском регионе (CABI, 2011; CABI/EPPO, 199 8; EPPO/CABI, 1997; NAPPO, 2010).
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Book (series)FlagshipThe State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021
Transforming food systems for food security, improved nutrition and affordable healthy diets for all
2021In recent years, several major drivers have put the world off track to ending world hunger and malnutrition in all its forms by 2030. The challenges have grown with the COVID-19 pandemic and related containment measures. This report presents the first global assessment of food insecurity and malnutrition for 2020 and offers some indication of what hunger might look like by 2030 in a scenario further complicated by the enduring effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. It also includes new estimates of the cost and affordability of healthy diets, which provide an important link between the food security and nutrition indicators and the analysis of their trends. Altogether, the report highlights the need for a deeper reflection on how to better address the global food security and nutrition situation.To understand how hunger and malnutrition have reached these critical levels, this report draws on the analyses of the past four editions, which have produced a vast, evidence-based body of knowledge of the major drivers behind the recent changes in food security and nutrition. These drivers, which are increasing in frequency and intensity, include conflicts, climate variability and extremes, and economic slowdowns and downturns – all exacerbated by the underlying causes of poverty and very high and persistent levels of inequality. In addition, millions of people around the world suffer from food insecurity and different forms of malnutrition because they cannot afford the cost of healthy diets. From a synthesized understanding of this knowledge, updates and additional analyses are generated to create a holistic view of the combined effects of these drivers, both on each other and on food systems, and how they negatively affect food security and nutrition around the world.In turn, the evidence informs an in-depth look at how to move from silo solutions to integrated food systems solutions. In this regard, the report proposes transformative pathways that specifically address the challenges posed by the major drivers, also highlighting the types of policy and investment portfolios required to transform food systems for food security, improved nutrition, and affordable healthy diets for all. The report observes that, while the pandemic has caused major setbacks, there is much to be learned from the vulnerabilities and inequalities it has laid bare. If taken to heart, these new insights and wisdom can help get the world back on track towards the goal of ending hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition in all its forms. -
Book (stand-alone)Technical bookGlobal Forest Resources Assessment 2020
Main report
2020FAO completed its first assessment of the world’s forest resources in 1948. At that time, its major objective was to collect information on available timber supply to satisfy post-war reconstruction demand. Since then, the Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) has evolved into a comprehensive evaluation of forest resources and their condition, management and uses, covering all the thematic elements of sustainable forest management. This, the latest of these assessments, examines the status of, and trends in, forest resources over the period 1990–2020, drawing on the efforts of hundreds of experts worldwide. The production of FRA 2020 also involved collaboration among many partner organizations, thereby reducing the reporting burden on countries, increasing synergies among reporting processes, and improving data consistency. The results of FRA 2020 are available in several formats, including this report and an online database containing the original inputs of countries and territories as well as desk studies and regional and global analyses prepared by FAO. I invite you to use these materials to support our common journey towards a more sustainable future with forests. -
Book (series)Technical reportCoping with water scarcity
An action framework for agriculture and food security
2012This report aims to provide a conceptual framework to address food security under conditions of water scarcity in agriculture. It has been prepared by a team of FAO staff and consultants in the framework of the project `Coping with water scarcity: the role of agriculture?, and has been discussed at an Expert Consultation meeting organized in FAO, Rome in December 2009 on the same subject. It was subsequently edited and revised, taking account of discussions in the Expert Consultation and materia ls presented to the meeting. The document offers views on the conceptual framework on which FAO's water scarcity programme should be based, proposes a set of definitions associated with the concept of water scarcity, and indicates the main principles on which FAO should base its action in support to its member countries.