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Book (stand-alone)GuidelineGuidelines for emergency risk-based surveillance
Addressing the avian influenza A(H7N9) emergency
2013Also available in:
The overall objective of risk-based surveillance for H7N9 is to assist national authorities in controlling the spread of infection along poultry market chains and to facilitate the rapid detection of an incursion of H7N9 in non-affected countries or areas. It also aims to improve understanding of the ecology and epidemiology of the virus in domestic bird populations, its geographic distribution, species susceptibility, and the characteristics of affected markets and farming systems. Surveillance will facilitate the genetic characterization of circulating virus, enabling investigation of the evolution of the H7N9 virus... -
BookletCorporate general interestFAO rapid qualitative risk assessment
Risk of H5 high pathogenicity avian influenza introduction in Central and South America and the Caribbean
2023Also available in:
The assessment is based on the identification of main risk pathways for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) introduction, including informal/formal trade of live poultry and their products, and wild bird movements. A questionnaire was disseminated to Veterinary Services to collect data on HPAI risk factors and assess national capacities for HPAI surveillance, diagnosis, prevention, and control. Five levels from negligible to high were used to determine the likelihood of introduction, and a consequence assessment was conducted on potential impacts on the poultry value chain, avifauna, and public health. The assessment also considered the level of uncertainty related to data availability, quality and quantity. FAO will use information from the assessment to provide targeted capacity building support to countries/territories for enhanced HPAI preparedness, prevention, and control. -
Book (series)GuidelineRecommendations for the surveillance of influenza A(H5N1) in cattle
With broader application to other farmed mammals
2024As influenza A(H5N1) of clade 2.3.4.4b continues to spread from wild birds to poultry and to both terrestrial and marine mammals, the recent cases in cattle highlight the critical importance of being prepared for and responding rapidly to spillover events and of planning for early detection and response at the country level, especially in countries of low and middle income. These recommendations from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) aim to support countries in enhancing influenza A(H5N1) surveillance in cattle populations, with broader application to other farmed mammals, to inform risk assessment and evidence-based disease control measures. Integrated surveillance strategies can leverage existing programmes for avian influenza and other cattle diseases, enabling countries to enhance monitoring capabilities while maintaining cost efficiency. With regard to preparing effectively, FAO recommends a combination of different surveillance methods including risk-based surveillance strategies tailored to individual country contexts. Adopting these recommendations will strengthen early detection efforts, support evidence-based decision-making and help implement targeted risk mitigation measures to protect both livestock and public health.
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Book (stand-alone)Manual / guideJoint Risk Assessment Operational Tool (JRA OT): An Operational Tool of the Tripartite Zoonoses Guide
Taking a Multisectoral, One Health Approach: A Tripartite Guide to Addressing Zoonotic Diseases in Countries
2020Zoonotic diseases, i.e. those affecting animals and humans, need a different, holistic approach to risk assessment engaging all sectors involved in their management and control. Joint Risk Assessment (JRA) brings these sectors together to assess risks from zoonotic disease threats at the animal-human-environmental interface jointly. The JRA operational tool is part of the Tripartite Zoonoses Guide and is intended for use by staff from national ministries responsible for human health, animal health, and the environment, or other government agencies that are responsible for the control and management of zoonotic diseases, in particular epidemiologists, with the close involvement of laboratory staff, risk managers and communication officers. The operational tool presents the principles of JRA and its role in informing policy development. It provides guidance on how to set up a joint qualitative risk assessment process and describes step-by-step how to conduct each component of the process. The Annexes include model documents and templates to support implementation. A JRA provides decision-makers with scientifically sound advice that can be used to inform risk management and communication policies for an effective response to a zoonotic disease threat. Routine JRA supports international regulations, such as International Health Regulations and the OIE standards, by providing a mechanism to effectively address management decisions and communications based on a JRA. When done jointly and across the spectrum of different sectors they are more likely to be relevant and acceptable to all stakeholders, and therefore also more likely to be effective. -
Book (series)FlagshipThe State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021
Transforming food systems for food security, improved nutrition and affordable healthy diets for all
2021In recent years, several major drivers have put the world off track to ending world hunger and malnutrition in all its forms by 2030. The challenges have grown with the COVID-19 pandemic and related containment measures. This report presents the first global assessment of food insecurity and malnutrition for 2020 and offers some indication of what hunger might look like by 2030 in a scenario further complicated by the enduring effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. It also includes new estimates of the cost and affordability of healthy diets, which provide an important link between the food security and nutrition indicators and the analysis of their trends. Altogether, the report highlights the need for a deeper reflection on how to better address the global food security and nutrition situation.To understand how hunger and malnutrition have reached these critical levels, this report draws on the analyses of the past four editions, which have produced a vast, evidence-based body of knowledge of the major drivers behind the recent changes in food security and nutrition. These drivers, which are increasing in frequency and intensity, include conflicts, climate variability and extremes, and economic slowdowns and downturns – all exacerbated by the underlying causes of poverty and very high and persistent levels of inequality. In addition, millions of people around the world suffer from food insecurity and different forms of malnutrition because they cannot afford the cost of healthy diets. From a synthesized understanding of this knowledge, updates and additional analyses are generated to create a holistic view of the combined effects of these drivers, both on each other and on food systems, and how they negatively affect food security and nutrition around the world.In turn, the evidence informs an in-depth look at how to move from silo solutions to integrated food systems solutions. In this regard, the report proposes transformative pathways that specifically address the challenges posed by the major drivers, also highlighting the types of policy and investment portfolios required to transform food systems for food security, improved nutrition, and affordable healthy diets for all. The report observes that, while the pandemic has caused major setbacks, there is much to be learned from the vulnerabilities and inequalities it has laid bare. If taken to heart, these new insights and wisdom can help get the world back on track towards the goal of ending hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition in all its forms. -
BookletHigh-profileFAO Strategy on Climate Change 2022–2031 2022The FAO Strategy on Climate Change 2022–2031 was endorsed by FAO Council in June 2022. This new strategy replaces the previous strategy from 2017 to better FAO's climate action with the Strategic Framework 2022-2031, and other FAO strategies that have been developed since then. The Strategy was elaborated following an inclusive process of consultation with FAO Members, FAO staff from headquarters and decentralized offices, as well as external partners. It articulates FAO's vision for agrifood systems by 2050, around three main pillars of action: at global and regional level, at country level, and at local level. The Strategy also encourages key guiding principles for action, such as science and innovation, inclusiveness, partnerships, and access to finance.