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Annex 6: Environmental and Social Management Framework

Upscaling ecosystem based climate resilience of vulnerable rural communities in the Valles Macro-region of the Plurinational State of Bolivia (RECEM Valles)











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    Soils are referred to as being acid, neutral, or alkaline, depending on their pH, with 7 being neutral, below 7 acidic and above 7 alkaline. The pH range normally found in soils varies from 3 to 9. As pH is measured in terms of hydrogen ion activity, pH is thus a measure of only the intensity of H+ activity and not the amount of acidity present. The desirable soil pH range for optimum plant growth varies among crops. Generally, a soil pH between 6.0-7.5 is acceptable for most plants, as most nutrients are available in this pH range. However, some plants have soil pH requirements above or below this range. An acidic pH may cause higher mobility of toxic elements potentially leaching into ground water or taken up and accumulated in plants. Additionally, inhibited plant growth may be observed in low pH soils due to aluminum toxicity. In higher pH soils, phosphorus and most micronutrients may become less available. As the pH value of many soils correlates with base saturation, it may also be used in the field for preliminary classification purposes.
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    The FAOSTAT emissions database is composed of several data domains covering the categories of the IPCC Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector of the national GHG inventory. Energy use in agriculture is additionally included as relevant to emissions from agriculture as an economic production sector under the ISIC A statistical classification, though recognizing that, in terms of IPCC, they are instead part of the Energy sector of the national GHG inventory. FAO emissions estimates are available over the period 1961–2018 for agriculture production processes from crop and livestock activities. Land use emissions and removals are generally available only for the period 1990–2019. This analytical brief focuses on overall trends over the period 2000–2018.
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