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ArticleJournal articleLand tenure governance approaches that tackle policy incoherence, secure rights, improve livelihoods, and maintain forests: Replicable and scalable lessons from a grassroot experience in Honduras
XV World Forestry Congress, 2-6 May 2022
2022Also available in:
No results found.Insecure forest tenure can hamper even the most exemplary community forestry management initiatives. This paper describes and reflects on the case study of the Villa Santa Agroforestry Cooperative, a community organization located in eastern Honduras. Due to policy incoherence, the public forest area concessioned to them since the 1970's was later subjected to land privatization-individual titling schemes based on Agrarian Reform policies. This disrupted and fragmented the former collective tenure regime under which the Cooperative had well managed the forest. In 2012, the concession was almost revoked due to this situation threatening the livelihoods of hundreds of families that depended on it. Despite the challenging context, the institutional leadership and commitment shown by a renewed forest administration and the Cooperative reverted this decision. In 2013, both entities initiated an ample Forest-Land Regularization Process that included the cadaster of all public and private plots and their right holders. Wide open consultations were held with stakeholders, including private land-owners who negotiated mechanisms to work with the Cooperative. As a result, a Public-Private Forest Management Plan was approved; an innovative scheme that remains to this day the only of its kind in Honduras. These processes enabled the Cooperative to attract investments from government, private sector and donors, including agroforestry schemes to restore degraded areas and diversify incomes. Also, transactional costs of traditional activities like pine resination have lowered, and thus continue to sustain communities' livelihoods in the midst of the COVID19 crisis. Further research is still needed to evaluate the scale of the impact and sustainability of the initiatives, but the initial outcomes show the need to escalate its lessons and good practices to a renewed nation-wide community forestry policy that can better contribute to the SDG's livelihood and conservation objectives. Keywords: Forest tenure; Secure land rights; Collective land rights; Community-based forestry; Honduras ID: 3485859 -
ArticleJournal articleUnderstanding the impact of thinning on holm oak water-use through simultaneous and continuous monitoring of twig water potential, transpiration and soil moisture
XV World Forestry Congress, 2-6 May 2022
2022Also available in:
No results found.Adaptive silviculture in semiarid climates must focus on enhancing eco-physiogical traits that provide functional advantages to water scarcity. Intraspecific plasticity in such traits is especially important to correctly address silvicultural prescriptions. Studying changes in avoidance (tightly closure of stomata when water potential drops, or atmospheric demand rises) or tolerance (weak stomatal control of transpiration) mechanisms to water stress after forest treatments could improve the understanding of their eco-physiological impact to cope with increasing aridity in forests. Water potential (Ψ), transpiration (T) and other ecohydrological variables are important in this sense and can be simultaneously assessed, although measuring Ψ in forests with traditional pressure chamber is cumbersome and not continuous in time. The aim of this work is to use continuous measures of Ψ, T and soil moisture (SM) to test the ecohydrological behavior of oaks 10 years after thinning. This study was carried out in a holm oak forest in southwestern Spain, where one plot was thinned 10 years ago, and another plot was a control (without treatment). Three trees in each plot were continuously (every hour) monitored for Ψ, T and soil moisture (SM) besides meteorological variables. The continuous measurement of Ψ was obtained by using psychrometers and validated with pressure chamber. Our results show that the average Ψ of the thinned trees, -0.487 ± 0.639 MPa, reflects a more favorable water status than that of the control plot, -0.604 ± 0.698 MPa, despite the lower tree-water use in the latter plot. Also, it was observed a more positive relationship between T and Ψ in the control than in thinning plot. On the other hand, the relationship between Ψ and SM was not affected by the treatment. In addition to this physiological benefit, it could be an advantage against climate change, since by favoring these flows, the trees' CO2 uptake will increase. Keywords: Adaptive and integrated management, Monitoring and data collection, Sustainable forest management, Knowledge management, Climate change. ID: 3623177 -
ArticleJournal articleDoes independent forest monitoring reduce forest infringement? Insights from Ghana’s collaborative mobile-based IFM system
XV World Forestry Congress, 2-6 May 2022
2022Also available in:
No results found.Independent Forest Monitoring (IFM) has been a feature of international effort to improve forest governance since its beginning in Cambodia in 1999. Today, IFM has gained traction and is an integral element of emerging forest governance schemes such as voluntary partnership agreement (VPA) which seeks to promote trade in legal timber between EU member countries and timber-producing countries in the global south. Within the VPA, IFM aims to complement the national due diligence mechanisms by flagging illegalities and providing opportunities for redress. Ghana is one such country where IFM is emerging within the country's VPA to address perennial forest governance challenges including corruption. This is often done through projects that develop and train communities on forest laws and provide them with mobile phones and appropriate software applications to monitor and flagged illegalities within their localities. Although this has been done over the years little insights are available on how this IFM architecture has performed. Such analysis is required to understand if IFM presents any hope for sanitizing the forest sector. On the back of this, this paper review community IFM monitoring reports identify key trends on forest illegalities and how they were addressed or otherwise. We found that the real-time monitoring platform has generated 747 alerts as of December 2019. Nearly 72% of them have been verified with most Social Responsibility Agreement (SRA) related infractions resulting in some 32 communities receiving SRA for the first time or on a continuous basis. The study concludes that communities are now protecting their forest as a result of compliance from timber companies which has generated revenue in the form of social responsibility agreements for community projects. Managers of the forest reserves are now responsive to queries as a result of the digital nature of the alerts. Keywords: Monitoring and data collection, Deforestation and forest degradation, Sustainable forest management, Governance ID: 3470164
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Book (series)FlagshipThe State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2021
Transforming food systems for food security, improved nutrition and affordable healthy diets for all
2021In recent years, several major drivers have put the world off track to ending world hunger and malnutrition in all its forms by 2030. The challenges have grown with the COVID-19 pandemic and related containment measures. This report presents the first global assessment of food insecurity and malnutrition for 2020 and offers some indication of what hunger might look like by 2030 in a scenario further complicated by the enduring effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. It also includes new estimates of the cost and affordability of healthy diets, which provide an important link between the food security and nutrition indicators and the analysis of their trends. Altogether, the report highlights the need for a deeper reflection on how to better address the global food security and nutrition situation.To understand how hunger and malnutrition have reached these critical levels, this report draws on the analyses of the past four editions, which have produced a vast, evidence-based body of knowledge of the major drivers behind the recent changes in food security and nutrition. These drivers, which are increasing in frequency and intensity, include conflicts, climate variability and extremes, and economic slowdowns and downturns – all exacerbated by the underlying causes of poverty and very high and persistent levels of inequality. In addition, millions of people around the world suffer from food insecurity and different forms of malnutrition because they cannot afford the cost of healthy diets. From a synthesized understanding of this knowledge, updates and additional analyses are generated to create a holistic view of the combined effects of these drivers, both on each other and on food systems, and how they negatively affect food security and nutrition around the world.In turn, the evidence informs an in-depth look at how to move from silo solutions to integrated food systems solutions. In this regard, the report proposes transformative pathways that specifically address the challenges posed by the major drivers, also highlighting the types of policy and investment portfolios required to transform food systems for food security, improved nutrition, and affordable healthy diets for all. The report observes that, while the pandemic has caused major setbacks, there is much to be learned from the vulnerabilities and inequalities it has laid bare. If taken to heart, these new insights and wisdom can help get the world back on track towards the goal of ending hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition in all its forms. -
Book (series)FlagshipThe State of Food and Agriculture 2019
Moving forward on food loss and waste reduction
2019The need to reduce food loss and waste is firmly embedded in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Food loss and waste reduction is considered important for improving food security and nutrition, promoting environmental sustainability and lowering production costs. However, efforts to reduce food loss and waste will only be effective if informed by a solid understanding of the problem. This report provides new estimates of the percentage of the world’s food lost from production up to the retail level. The report also finds a vast diversity in existing estimates of losses, even for the same commodities and for the same stages in the supply chain. Clearly identifying and understanding critical loss points in specific supply chains – where considerable potential exists for reducing food losses – is crucial to deciding on appropriate measures. The report provides some guiding principles for interventions based on the objectives being pursued through food loss and waste reductions, be they in improved economic efficiency, food security and nutrition, or environmental sustainability. -
BookletCorporate general interestEmissions due to agriculture
Global, regional and country trends 2000–2018
2021Also available in:
No results found.The FAOSTAT emissions database is composed of several data domains covering the categories of the IPCC Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector of the national GHG inventory. Energy use in agriculture is additionally included as relevant to emissions from agriculture as an economic production sector under the ISIC A statistical classification, though recognizing that, in terms of IPCC, they are instead part of the Energy sector of the national GHG inventory. FAO emissions estimates are available over the period 1961–2018 for agriculture production processes from crop and livestock activities. Land use emissions and removals are generally available only for the period 1990–2019. This analytical brief focuses on overall trends over the period 2000–2018.