The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2022

Figures, tables and boxes

TABLES

1 Prevalence of undernourishment (PoU), 2005–2021

2 Number of undernourished people (NoU), 2005–2021

3 Prevalence of food insecurity at severe level only, and at moderate or severe level, based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale, 2014–2021

4 Number of people experiencing food insecurity at severe level only, and at moderate or severe level, based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale, 2014–2021

5 Almost 3.1 billion people could not afford a healthy diet in 2020 due to the increased cost

6 Support to the food and agricultural sector as a share of value of production, by country income group, average 2013–2018

7 Business-as-usual, elimination and repurposing of support to food and agriculture scenarios

8 Impact of repurposing border measures to support healthy diets, 2030 (change with respect to the baseline)

9 Impact of repurposing border measures to support healthy diets on diet cost and per capita consumption, 2030 (percentage change with respect to the baseline)

10 Impact of repurposing fiscal subsidies to producers to support healthy diets, 2030 (change with respect to the baseline)

11 Impact of repurposing fiscal subsidies to producers to support healthy diets on diet cost and per capita consumption, 2030 (percentage change with respect to the baseline)

12 Impact of repurposing fiscal subsidies from producers to consumers to support healthy diets, 2030 (change with respect to the baseline)

13 Impact of repurposing fiscal subsidies from producers to consumers to support healthy diets on diet cost and per capita consumption, 2030 (percentage change with respect to the baseline)

A1.1 Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and global nutrition targets: prevalence of undernourishment, moderate or severe food insecurity, selected forms of malnutrition, exclusive breastfeeding and low birthweight

A1.2 Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and global nutrition targets: number of people who are affected by undernourishment, moderate or severe food insecurity and selected forms of malnutrition; number of infants exclusively breastfed and number of babies born with low birthweight

A2.1 Ranges of PoU and NoU nowcasted in 2020 and 2021

A2.2 Regression coefficients from three models estimated on historic CV|y values (2000–2019)

A2.3 Countries with nutrition outcome data from national surveys between 2015 and 2021 that contributed to the inequality analysis

A3.1 The cost and affordability of a healthy diet by region, subregion, country and country income group, 2017–2020

A3.2 Lower- and upper-bound estimates of the percentage and number of people (in millions) who cannot afford the cost of a healthy diet, by region and country income group in 2020

A4.1 Countries covered in the Ag-Incentives database by the country income group classification used in the stocktaking analysis

A4.2 Policy instruments for supporting food and agriculture and related indicators

A6.1 Countries covered in the Ag-Incentives database by the country income group classification used in the model simulations

A6.2 Impact of removing border measures, 2030 (change with respect to the baseline)

A6.3 Impact of removing fiscal support to producers, 2030 (change with respect to the baseline)

A6.4 Impact of redistributing fiscal subsidies to producers equally across food products, 2030 (change with respect to the baseline)

A6.5 Impact of redistributing fiscal subsidies to producers equally across food products on diet cost and per capita consumption, 2030 (percentage change with respect to the baseline)

FIGURES

1 An agrifood systems approach is essential to repurpose food and agricultural policy support

2 Between 702 and 828 million people in the world faced hunger in 2021. Considering the middle of the projected range (768 million), hunger affected 46 million more people in 2021 compared to 2020, and a total of 150 million more people since 2019, before the COVID-19 pandemic

3 More than half (425 million) of the people in the world affected by hunger in 2021 were in Asia and more than one-third (278 million) in Africa

4 After increasing from 2019 to 2020 in most of Africa, Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean, the PoU continued to rise in 2021 in most subregions, but at a slower pace

5 Comparison of percent of income loss by global income quintile due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 shows large disparities in income recovery

6 The COVID-19 scenario projects a decrease in global hunger to around 670 million in 2030, far from the Zero Hunger target. This is 78 million more undernourished people in 2030 than in a scenario in which the pandemic had not occurred

7 Moderate or severe food insecurity remained stable at the global level despite increases in every region except Asia, whereas severe food insecurity increased globally and in every region

8 The concentration and distribution of food insecurity by severity differs greatly across the regions of the world

9 As the country income level falls, the total prevalence of food insecurity and the proportion of severe food insecurity tends to increase

10 Globally and in every region, the prevalence of food insecurity is higher among women than men

11 Global trends in prevalence and absolute numbers indicate that overweight among children under five years of age, anaemia among women, and obesity among adults are increasing, while low birthweight, stunting among children under five years of age and exclusive breastfeeding have steadily improved since 2000

12 Low- and lower-middle-income countries bear the greatest burden of stunting, wasting, low birthweight, and anaemia cases while upper-middle- and high-income countries have the greatest burden of obesity cases

13 Inequality analyses using the latest available data per country (2015 to 2021) indicate that globally, stunted children under five years of age are more likely to be residing in rural settings, in poorer households, with mothers who received no formal education, and to be male while obesity among women is most common in urban settings and wealthier households

14 Reaching the 2030 global nutrition targets will require immense efforts. Only exclusive breastfeeding among infants under six months of age (37.1 to 43.8 percent) and stunting among children under five years of age (26.2 to 22.0 percent) have notably improved since 2012, yet even these indicators will require accelerated progress to meet the 2030 targets

15 Regional progress towards nutrition targets indicates worsening anaemia among women and overweight among children under five years of age, while many regions are making progress in the reduction of wasting and stunting among children under five years of age

16 The cost of a heathy diet increased, and the diet was more unaffordable in every region of the world in 2020

17 Food and agricultural policy support instruments and indicators

18 Level and composition of global support to food and agriculture (USD billion, average 2013–2018)

19 Nominal rate of assistance as a share of production value, by instrument and income group

20 Composition of general services support as a share of value of production, by income group and type of service, average 2015–2018

21 Nominal rate of assistance as a share of the value of production by income and food group, average 2013–2018

22 Nominal rate of assistance as a share of the value of production for selected most targeted food products by income group, average 2013–2018

23 Impact of changes on GDP in the repurposing scenarios, 2030 (percentage change with respect to the baseline)

24 Complementing policies, both inside and outside agrifood systems, are critical to support repurposing support efforts

25 Political economy and governance dynamics related to the repurposing of food and agricultural policy support

BOXES

1 Definitions of repurposing, and food and agricultural policy support

2 Updates to the prevalence of undernourishment (PoU) and accounting for the COVID-19 pandemic in estimates of hunger in the world in 2021

3 The war in Ukraine: potential risks for international agricultural markets and global food security

4 COVID-19 case study: country examples of the impact of the pandemic on child wasting and overweight through context-specific pathways

5 The war in Ukraine threatens to increase the number of malnourished people, especially women and children globally

6 Updated information and refinement in methodology improves the accuracy of the global estimates of the cost and affordability of a healthy diet

7 Standard indicators of support to food and agriculture

8 WTO rules that apply to price incentives and fiscal support

9 The importance of fish and fishery products for healthy diets and the role of fisheries subsidies in policy repurposing efforts

10 Description of nutritious foods and healthy diets

11 Higher support to producers through price incentives correlates with a higher cost of a healthy diet

12 Tariffs on highly processed foods, sugar and confectionery and fruits and vegetables

13 Classification of food products as low, medium and high priority for increasing their availability and consumption to meet recommended dietary levels

14 Optimizing public budgets to align agricultural transformation and healthy diets’ affordability objectives: evidence for Ethiopia

15 Implications of repurposing agricultural subsidies for countries’ WTO commitments

16 Social protection is essential in the face of shocks to livelihoods

17 Investment in climate adaptation practices to support affordable healthy diets and inclusive supply chains

18 Value chain development as an effective tool to transform unequal power distribution

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