The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2023

ANNEXES

ANNEX 7: Supplementary results from Section 4.1

Figure A7.1Average shares of total household food consumption values for animal source foods and food away from home by urban, peri-urban and rural area for selected high- and low-food-budget countries in Africa

A bar chart plots the average consumption shares of animal source foods in urban, peri-urban and rural areas in selected countries of Africa.

A bar chart plots the average consumption shares of food away from home in urban, peri-urban and rural areas in selected countries of Africa.

NOTES: Average consumption shares of animal source foods (Figure A) and food away from home (Figure B) as a percentage share of total household food consumption (at market value) in urban, peri-urban and rural areas by high- and low-food-budget country group. All surveys are for 2018/19, except Malawi (2019/20). See Table 9 for the definition of urban, peri-urban and rural areas, and Table 10 for the definition and list of high- and low-food-budget countries. See Table A5.6 for the definition of animal source foods and food away from home, and Table A5.1 for the list of 11 Western, Eastern and Southern African countries.
SOURCE: Dolislager, M.J, Holleman, C., Liverpool-Tasie, L.S.O. & Reardon, T. 2023. Analysis of food demand and supply across the rural–urban continuum in selected countries in Africa. Background paper for The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2023. FAO Agricultural Development Economics Working Paper 23-09. Rome, FAO.

Tables A7.1 to A7.5 present the econometric results showing the marginal effects^bk of the determinants of the different food consumption shares of total food consumption (at market value) for: i) consumption shares of purchased food, for home consumption and food away from home (Table A7.1); ii) consumption shares of highly processed foods (Table A7.2); iii) consumption shares of animal source foods (Table A7.3); iv) consumption shares of food away from home (Table A7.4); and v) consumption shares of vegetables (Tables A7.5).

TABLE A7.1The non-price determinants of purchased food consumption shares (for home consumption and food away from home) in selected high- and low-food-budget countries in Africa

A table lists the non-price determinants of purchased food consumption shares (for home consumption and food away from home) in selected high- and low-food-budget countries in Africa.

Table A7-1: Long Description

The data is represented as URCA layers: values in All countries, High-food budget countries, Senegal, Ethiopia, Côte d’Ivoire, Mali, Nigeria, Low-food budget countries, Guinea-Bissau, Benin, Togo, Burkina Faso, Malawi, and Niger. Large city (greater 1 million people): 0.096, 0.095, 0.054, 0.162, 0.113, 0.066, 0.074, 0.118, 0.136, 0.098, 0.177.Intermediate city (0.25 to 1 million people): 0.047, 0.034, 0.074, 0.040, 0.080, 0.103, 0.235, 0.196, 0.102. Small city (50 to 250 thousand people): blank. Town (20 to 50 thousand people): blank. Less than 1 hour to a large city: 0.045, 0.046, 0.034, 0.169, 0.058, 0.136, 0.229, 0.065. Less than 1 hour to an intermediate city: 0.103, negative 0.115, 0.016, negative 0.163, negative 0.032, negative 0.081, negative 0.061, negative 0.049, negative 0.059, 0.256. Less than 1 hour to a small city: 0.143, negative 0.151, negative 0.040, negative 0.101, negative 0.123, negative 0.109, negative 0.116, negative 0.059, negative 0.042, negative 0.101, 0.057. Less than 1 hour to a small city: 0.153, negative 0.149, negative 0.027, negative 0.160, negative 0.104, negative 0.152, negative 0.065, negative 0.155, negative 0.069, negative 0.180, negative 0.046. Less than 1 hour to a town: 0.146, negative 0.135, negative 0.165, negative 0.160, negative 0.177. 1 to 2 hours to a city or town: 0.193, negative 0.202, negative 0.027, negative 0.140, negative 0.136, negative 0.172, negative 0.119, negative 0.149, negative 0.098, negative 0.140, negative 0.157. Greater 2 hours to a city or town: 0.194, negative 0.215, negative 0.142, negative 0.044, negative 0.149, negative 0.139, negative 0.118, negative 0.129. Total income (log of annual per capita expenditure): 0.025, 0.015, 0.019, negative 0.038, 0.047, 0.051, 0.040, 0.037, 0.046, 0.049, 0.086. Male -time nonnegative farm employment: 0.044, 0.040, 0.009, 0.068, 0.051, 0.008, 0.032, 0.052, 0.015, 0.046, 0.044. Female -time nonnegative farm employment: 0.021, 0.018, 0.023, 0.017, 0.028, negative 0.013, 0.026, 0.011, 0.034, 0.078. Primary schooling of household head: 0.020, 0.017, 0.018, 0.031, 0.011. Secondary schooling of household head: 0.030, 0.028, 0.022, 0.037, 0.049, 0.015, 0.026, 0.039. Female-headed households: 0.015, 0.019, 0.017, 0.022, 0.023, 0.028, 0.048, 0.023, negative 0.037, 0.051. Household size (adult equivalents): 0.004, negative 0.005, negative 0.002, negative 0.024, negative 0.011, negative 0.004, negative 0.005, negative 0.007, negative 0.008, negative 0.007, negative 0.004. Dependency ratio: negative 0.037, negative 0.022, 0.021, 0.042. Cultivated land (hectares): 0.015, negative 0.029, negative 0.005, negative 0.079, negative 0.015, negative 0.034, negative 0.035, negative 0.006, negative 0.001, negative 0.002, negative 0.026. Tropical livestock units: 0.017, negative 0.014, negative 0.020, negative 0.005, negative 0.015, negative 0.022, negative 0.011, negative 0.014, negative 0.009, negative 0.099, negative 0.008.

NOTES: Regressions of the share of food purchases (for home consumption and food away from home) in total food consumption (at market value): marginal effects; significant results only (at 10 percent or lower); statistical significance is reported for *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1. Marginal effects of prices and home assets are not shown (see source for a discussion of results). All surveys are 2018/19, except Malawi (2019/20). See Table A5.6 for the definition of food away from home, Table A5.1 for the list of 11 Western, Eastern and Southern African countries, and Table 10 for the definition of high- and low-food-budget countries.
SOURCE: Dolislager, M.J, Holleman, C., Liverpool-Tasie, L.S.O. & Reardon, T. 2023. Analysis of food demand and supply across the rural–urban continuum in selected countries in Africa. Background paper for The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2023. FAO Agricultural Development Economics Working Paper 23-09. Rome, FAO.

TABLE A7.2The non-price determinants of consumption shares of highly processed foods in selected high- and low-food-budget countries in Africa

A table lists the non-price determinants of consumption shares of highly processed foods in selected high- and low-food-budget countries in Africa.

Table A7-2: Long Description

The data is represented as URCA layers: values in All countries, High-food budget countries, Senegal, Ethiopia, Côte d’Ivoire, Mali, Nigeria, Low-food budget countries, Guinea-Bissau, Benin, Togo, Burkina Faso, Malawi, and Niger. Large city (greater 1 million people): 0.006, 0.009, 0.009, 0.008, 0.015, negative 0.004, 0, 0.013, 0.027. Intermediate city (0.25 to 1 million people): 0.005, 0.008, 0.030, 0.018. Small city (50 to 250 thousand people): 0.011, 0.031, 0.016, 0.023. Town (20 to 50 thousand people): blank. Less than 1 hour to a large city: negative 0.023. Less than 1 hour to an intermediate city: 0.011, negative 0.012, negative 0.009, negative 0.007, 0.010, negative 0.011, negative 0.010. Less than 1 hour to a small city: negative 0.008, negative 0.009, negative 0.011, negative 0.010, negative 0.014, negative 0.008. Less than 1 hour to a small city: negative 0.005, negative 0.011, negative 0.025, negative 0.005, negative 0.014, negative 0.008, 0.012, negative 0.012, negative 0.020. Less than 1 hour to a town: negative 0.017, negative 0.023, 0.018, 0.022, negative 0.010. 1 to 2 hours to a city or town: 0.014, 0.014, negative 0.006, 0.008, 0.009, 0.017, 0.004, 0.019, 0.047, 0.014, 0.006, 0.015. Greater 2 hours to a city or town: 0.005, 0.005, 0.003, 0.005, 0.005, 0.002, 0.004, 0.004, 0.003, 0.006, 0.005. Total income (log of annual per capita expenditure): 0.004, 0.005, 0.005, 0.002, 0.002, 0.002, 0.003, 0.005, 0.007. Male full-time non-farm employment: 0.004, 0.006, 0.012, negative 0.004, negative 0.003, negative 0.009, 0.004, 0.006. Female full-time non-farm employment: 0.004, negative 0.004. Primary schooling of household head: 0.002, 0.003, 0.017, negative 0.003, 0.004, 0.006, 0.005, negative 0.004, 0.007, negative 0.007. Secondary schooling of household head: negative 0.000, negative 0.001, negative 0.003, negative 0.003, 0.000, 0.002, negative 0.001, negative 0.001, 0.003, negative 0.003. Female-headed households: 0.014, 0.013, 0.023, 0.009, 0.019, 0.012, 0.015, 0.028, 0.017, 0.006, 0.015, 0.007. Household size (adult equivalents): 0.002, 0.004, negative 0.005, negative 0.001, negative 0.005, negative 0.012. Dependency ratio: 0.005, negative 0.006, negative 0.002, negative 0.001, negative 0.003, negative 0.003. Cultivated land (hectares): negative 0.005, negative 0.011, negative 0.025, negative 0.005, negative 0.014, negative 0.008, 0.012, negative 0.012, negative 0.020. Tropical livestock units: 0.019, negative 0.009, 0.007, negative 0.008, 0.009, negative 0.013.

NOTES: Regressions of the share of highly processed foods in total food consumption (at market value): marginal effects; significant results only (at 10 percent or lower); statistical significance is reported for *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1. Marginal effects of prices and home assets are not shown (see source for a discussion of results). All surveys are 2018/19, except Malawi (2019/20). See Table A5.4 for full definition of highly processed foods, Table A5.1 for the list of 11 Western, Eastern and Southern African countries, and Table 10 for the definition of high- and low-food-budget countries.
SOURCE: Dolislager, M.J, Holleman, C., Liverpool-Tasie, L.S.O. & Reardon, T. 2023. Analysis of food demand and supply across the rural–urban continuum in selected countries in Africa. Background paper for The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2023. FAO Agricultural Development Economics Working Paper 23-09. Rome, FAO.

TABLE A7.3The non-price determinants of consumption shares of animal source foods in selected high- and low-food-budget countries in Africa

A table lists the non-price determinants of consumption shares of animal source foods in selected high- and low-food-budget countries in Africa.

Table A7-3: Long Description

The data is represented as URCA layers: values in All countries, High-food budget countries, Senegal, Ethiopia, Côte d’Ivoire, Mali, Nigeria, Low-food budget countries, Guinea-Bissau, Benin, Togo, Burkina Faso, Malawi, and Niger. Large city (greater 1 million people): 0.014, 0.017, negative 0.014, negative 0.028, 0.021, negative 0.024. Intermediate city (0.25 to 1 million people): 0.023. Small city (50 to 250 thousand people): negative 0.017, 0.019, 0.018. Town (20 to 50 thousand people): negative 0.016, 0.024, 0.015, negative 0.032. Less than 1 hour to a large city: 0.013, 0.011, negative 0.025, 0.030, negative 0.024, 0.023, 0.025, negative 0.026. Less than 1 hour to an intermediate city: 0.010, 0.012, 0.039, 0.025, negative 0.028. Less than 1 hour to a small city: 0.038, 0.045, negative 0.027. Less than 1 hour to a small city: 0.021, 0.028, negative 0.018, 0.036, 0.020. Less than 1 hour to a town: 0.020, 0.064, negative 0.015. 1 to 2 hours to a city or town: 0.061, 0.056, 0.113, 0.051, 0.108, 0.112, 0.035, 0.081, 0.105, 0.069, 0.057, 0.058, 0.083. Greater 2 hours to a city or town: 0.002, 0.006, 0.005. Total income (log of annual per capita expenditure): 0.009, 0.009, 0.004, negative 0.005, 0.005, 0.007, 0.005, 0.006, 0.008, 0.005. Male full-time non-farm employment: 0.014, 0.012, 0.011, 0.009. Female full-time non-farm employment: 0.008, 0.006, negative 0.010, 0.010, negative 0.009, 0.015. Primary schooling of household head: 0.008, negative 0.012, negative 0.013, negative 0.010, negative 0.018, negative 0.019. Secondary schooling of household head: 0.003, 0.004, 0.004, 0.013, 0.007, 0.003, 0.002, 0.003, 0.002, 0.002, 0.008, 0.004. Female-headed households: 0.043, 0.045, 0.073, 0.047, 0.076, 0.052, 0.016, 0.033, 0.022, 0.042, 0.048, 0.048, 0.026. Household size (adult equivalents): 0.004, 0.009, negative 0.007, negative 0.034, negative 0.005, negative 0.024. Dependency ratio: 0.004, 0.004, 0.011, 0.008, 0.006, 0.003, 0.005, 0.011, 0.008, 0.023, 0.012. Cultivated land (hectares): 0.003, 0.004, 0.004, 0.013, 0.007, 0.003, 0.002, 0.003, 0.002, 0.002, 0.008, 0.004. Tropical livestock units: 0.004, 0.004, 0.011, 0.008, 0.006, 0.003, 0.005, 0.011, 0.008, 0.023, 0.012.

NOTES: Regression of the share of animal products in total food consumption (at market value): marginal effects; significant results only (at 10 percent or lower); statistical significance is reported for *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1. Marginal effects of prices and home assets are not shown (see source for a discussion of results). All surveys are 2018/19, except Malawi (2019/20). See Table A5.6 for details on composition of animal source foods, see Table A5.1 for the list of 11 Western, Eastern and Southern African countries, and Table 10 for the definition of high- and low-food-budget countries.
SOURCE: Dolislager, M.J, Holleman, C., Liverpool-Tasie, L.S.O. & Reardon, T. 2023. Analysis of food demand and supply across the rural–urban continuum in selected countries in Africa. Background paper for The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2023. FAO Agricultural Development Economics Working Paper 23-09. Rome, FAO.

TABLE A7.4The non-price determinants of the consumption shares of food away from home in selected high- and low-food-budget countries in Africa

A table lists the non-price determinants of the consumption shares of food away from home in selected high- and low-food-budget countries in Africa.

Table A7-4: Long Description

The data is represented as URCA layers: values in All countries, High-food budget countries, Senegal, Ethiopia, Côte d’Ivoire, Mali, Nigeria, Low-food budget countries, Guinea-Bissau, Benin, Togo, Burkina Faso, Malawi, and Niger. Large city (greater 1 million people): 0.014, 0.017, negative 0.014, negative 0.028, 0.021, negative 0.024. Intermediate city (0.25 to 1 million people): 0.023. Small city (50 to 250 thousand people): negative 0.017, 0.019, 0.018. Town (20 to 50 thousand people): negative 0.016, 0.024, 0.015, negative 0.032. Less than 1 hour to a large city: 0.013, 0.011, negative 0.025, 0.030, negative 0.024, 0.023, 0.025, negative 0.026. Less than 1 hour to an intermediate city: 0.010, 0.012, 0.039, 0.025, negative 0.028. Less than 1 hour to a small city: 0.038, 0.045, negative 0.027. Less than 1 hour to a small city: 0.021, 0.028, negative 0.018, 0.036, 0.020. Less than 1 hour to a town: 0.020, 0.064, negative 0.015. 1 to 2 hours to a city or town: 0.061, 0.056, 0.113, 0.051, 0.108, 0.112, 0.035, 0.081, 0.105, 0.069, 0.057. Greater 2 hours to a city or town: 0.002, 0.006, 0.005. Total income (log of annual per capita expenditure): 0.009, 0.009, 0.004, negative 0.005, 0.005, 0.007, 0.005, 0.006, 0.008, 0.005. Male full-time non-farm employment: 0.014, 0.012, 0.011, 0.009. Female full-time non-farm employment: 0.008, 0.006, negative 0.010, 0.010, negative 0.009, 0.015. Primary schooling of household head: 0.008, negative 0.012, negative 0.013, negative 0.010, negative 0.018, negative 0.019. Secondary schooling of household head: 0.003, 0.004, 0.004, 0.013, 0.007, 0.003, 0.002, 0.003, 0.002, 0.002, 0.008, 0.004. Female-headed households: 0.043, 0.045, 0.073, 0.047, 0.076, 0.052, 0.016, 0.033, 0.022, 0.042, 0.048. Household size (adult equivalents): 0.004, 0.009, negative 0.007, negative 0.034, negative 0.005, negative 0.024. Dependency ratio: 0.004, 0.004, 0.011, 0.008, 0.006, 0.003, 0.005, 0.011, 0.008, 0.023, 0.012. Cultivated land (hectares): 0.004, 0.009, negative 0.007, negative 0.034, negative 0.005, negative 0.024. Tropical livestock units: 0.004, 0.004, 0.011, 0.008, 0.006, 0.003, 0.005, 0.011, 0.008, 0.023, 0.012.

NOTES: Regression of the share of food away from home in total food consumption (at market value): marginal effects; significant results only (at 10 percent or lower); statistical significance is reported for *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1. Marginal effects of prices and home assets are not shown (see source for a discussion of results). All surveys are 2018/19, except Malawi (2019/20). Food away from home is prepared food consumed away from home. See Table A5.6 for details on definition of food away from home, see Table A5.1 for the list of 11 Western, Eastern and Southern African countries, and Table 10 for the definition of high- and low-food-budget countries.
SOURCE: Dolislager, M.J, Holleman, C., Liverpool-Tasie, L.S.O. & Reardon, T. 2023. Analysis of food demand and supply across the rural–urban continuum in selected countries in Africa. Background paper for The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2023. FAO Agricultural Development Economics Working Paper 23-09. Rome, FAO.

TABLE A7.5The non-price determinants of the consumption shares of vegetables in selected high- and low-food-budget countries in Africa

A table lists the non-price determinants of the consumption shares of vegetables in selected high- and low-food-budget countries in Africa.

Table A7-5: Long Description

The data is represented as URCA layers: values in All countries, High-food budget countries, Senegal, Ethiopia, Côte d’Ivoire, Mali, Nigeria, Low-food budget countries, Guinea-Bissau, Benin, Togo, Burkina Faso, Malawi, and Niger. Large city (greater 1 million people): 0.022, 0.024, 0.044, 0.038, 0.008, 0.030, 0.035, 0.027, 0.057. Intermediate city (0.25 to 1 million people): 0.020, 0.030, 0.016, 0.033, 0.036, 0.023. Small city (50 to 250 thousand people): 0.096, 0.014, 0.040, negative 0.013, 0.015, 0.014. Town (20 to 50 thousand people): 0.070, 0.010, 0.013, negative 0.012, 0.013, 0.024. Less than 1 hour to a large city: 0.082, negative 0.009, 0.012, negative 0.029, negative 0.021, negative 0.032, 0.015. Less than 1 hour to an intermediate city: negative 0.013, 0.089, negative 0.017, negative 0.019, negative 0.024, negative 0.047, negative 0.009. Less than 1 hour to a small city: negative 0.033, negative 0.036, 0, negative 0.033, negative 0.018. Less than 1 hour to a small city: negative 0.022, negative 0.020, 0.219, negative 0.023, negative 0.024, negative 0.028, negative 0.040, negative 0.009. Less than 1 hour to a town: negative 0.041, negative 0.042, negative 0.005, 0, negative 0.017, negative 0.019, negative 0.007. 1 to 2 hours to a city or town: 0.025, 0.026, negative 0.017, 0.028, negative 0.018, 0.012, 0.093, 0.002, negative 0.014, negative 0.014, negative 0.014, 0.013, 0.010, negative 0.010. Greater 2 hours to a city or town: 0.015, 0.016, 0.008, 0.013, 0.012, 0.004, 0.016, 0.009, 0.008, 0.010, 0.014, 0.011, 0.002, 0.007. Total income (log of annual per capita expenditure): negative 0.011, 0.003, negative 0.009, 0.004, 0.005. Male full-time non-farm employment: 0.031, 0.032, 0.007, 0.007, 0.003, 0.004, 0.011, 0.010, 0.007, 0.005. Female full-time non-farm employment: 0.005, negative 0.002. Primary schooling of household head: negative 0.022, negative 0.026, negative 0.014, negative 0.035, negative 0.003, negative 0.017, negative 0.009, negative 0.002, 0.006. Secondary schooling of household head: negative 0.004, negative 0.005, negative 0.006, negative 0.004, negative 0.007, 0.000, negative 0.003, negative 0.002, negative 0.002, negative 0.006, negative 0.003, negative 0.001, negative 0.003. Female-headed households: negative 0.023, negative 0.025, negative 0.076, negative 0.013, negative 0.058, negative 0.015, negative 0.020, negative 0.054, negative 0.028, negative 0.047, negative 0.034, negative 0.014. Household size (adult equivalents): negative 0.003, negative 0.007, negative 0.003, negative 0.017, negative 0.012, negative 0.011, negative 0.015. Dependency ratio: negative 0.014, negative 0.017, negative 0.005, negative 0.001, negative 0.006. Cultivated land (hectares): negative 0.023, negative 0.025, negative 0.076, negative 0.013, negative 0.058, negative 0.015, negative 0.020, negative 0.054, negative 0.028, negative 0.047, negative 0.034, negative 0.014. Tropical livestock units: negative 0.014, negative 0.017, negative 0.005, negative 0.001, negative 0.006.

NOTES: Regression of the share of vegetables in total food consumption (at market value): marginal effects; significant results only (at 10 percent or lower); statistical significance is reported for *** p<0.01, ** p<0.05, * p<0.1. Marginal effects of prices and home assets are not shown (see source for a discussion of results). All surveys are 2018/19, except Malawi (2019/20). See Table A5.6 for the definition of vegetables, see Table A5.1 for the list of 11 Western, Eastern and Southern African countries, and Table 10 for the definition of high- and low-food-budget countries.
SOURCE: Dolislager, M.J, Holleman, C., Liverpool-Tasie, L.S.O. & Reardon, T. 2023. Analysis of food demand and supply across the rural–urban continuum in selected countries in Africa. Background paper for The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2023. FAO Agricultural Development Economics Working Paper 23-09. Rome, FAO.

Only statistically significant marginal effects (at 10 percent or lower) are presented. The effect of location across the rural–urban continuum is captured by the ten URCA categories defined in Section 4.1, with the omission of the town category to serve as a reference category to which the other URCA variables are compared, i.e. the marginal effect of the “large city” category is interpreted as relative to the omitted URCA town variable. The marginal effect of prices and home assets is not shown (see source for full presentation of results). Countries included in the analysis: Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Ethiopia, Guinea-Bissau, Malawi, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal and Togo. All surveys are 2018/19, except Malawi (2019/20).

For the full details on the data sources, methodology and interpretation see Dolislager et al. (2023).⁵²