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الفصل الأوّل

1 منظمة الأغذية والزراعة. 2017. حالة الأغذية والزراعة 2017. تسخير النظم الغذائيّة من أجل تحوّل ريفي شامل. http://www.fao.org/3/i7658a/i7658a.pdf.

2 Cattaneo, A., Adukia, A., Brown, D.L., Christiaensen, L., Evans, D.K., Haakenstad, A., McMenomy, T. et al. 2022. Economic and social development along the urban–rural continuum: new opportunities to inform policy. World Development, 157: 105941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105941

3 UN DESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs). 2018. World Urbanization Prospects 2018. في: الأمم المتحدة. [ورد ذكره في 9 مايو/أيار 2023]. https://population.un.org/wup

4 UN DESA. 2022. World Population Prospects 2022. في: الأمم المتحدة. [ورد ذكره في 9 مايو/أيار 2023]. https://population.un.org/wpp

5 Tefft, J., Jonasova, M., Adjao, R. & Morgan, A. 2018. Food systems for an urbanizing world. Rome, World Bank and FAO. www.fao.org/3/i8346en/i8346en.pdf

الفصل الثاني

1 منظمة الأغذية والزراعة. 2023. تحديات الأمن الغذائي ودوافعه على الصعيد العالمي: النزاعات والحروب في أوكرانيا وبلدان أخرى، وحالات التباطؤ والانكماش الاقتصادي وتغير المناخ. المجلس، الدورة الثانية والسبعون بعد المائة، روما، 24-28 أبريل/نيسان 2023. الوثيقة CL 172/5. روما. https://www.fao.org/3/nl652ar/nl652ar.pdf

2 شبكة معلومات الأمن الغذائي والشبكة العالمية لمكافحة الأزمات الغذائية. 2023. التقرير العالمي عن الأزمات الغذائية 2023. روما. www.fsinplatform.org/global-report-food-crises-2023

3 IMF (International Monetary Fund). 2023. World Economic Outlook (WEO) database, April 2023. في: IMF. [ورد ذكره في 10 مايو/أيار 2023]. www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/download-entire-database

4 منظمة الأغذية والزراعة. 2022. قاعدة البيانات الإحصائية الموضوعية في المنظمة: المحاصيل والمنتجات الحيوانية. في: منظمة الأغذية والزراعة. ]ورد ذكره في 18 مايو/أيار 2023[. https://www.fao.org/faostat/ar/#data/TCL

5 منظمة الأغذية والزراعة. 2023. مؤشر المنظمة لأسعار الأغذية. في: منظمة الأغذية والزراعة.| حالة الأغذية في العالم. [ورد ذكره في 4 مايو/أيار 2023]. https://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/foodpricesindex/ar/

6 Schmidhuber, J. & Qiao, B. 2022. Global food import bill set to increase at a slower pace in 2022, nevertheless to another record level. في: FAO, ed. Food Outlook – Biannual Report on Global Food Markets, November 2022, pp. 76–78. Rome. www.fao.org/3/cc2864en/cc2864en_indicator_1.pdf

7 FAO. 2022. Food Outlook – Biannual Report on Global Food Markets. November 2022. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc2864en

8 World Bank. 2023. Global Economic Prospects, January 2023. Washington, DC. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/38030

9 ILO (International Labour Organization). 2023. World Employment and Social Outlook. Trends 2023. Geneva, Switzerland. www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---inst/documents/publication/wcms_865387.pdf

10 World Bank. 2022. Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2022. Correcting course. Washington, DC. www.worldbank.org/en/publication/poverty-and-shared-prosperity

11 World Bank. 2023. Macro Poverty Outlook for sub-Saharan Africa. Country-by-country analysis and projections for the developing world. Annual Meetings 2023. Washington, DC. www.worldbank.org/en/publication/macro-poverty-outlook/mpo_ssa

12 World Bank. 2023. Macro Poverty Outlook for Middle East and North Africa. Country-by-country analysis and projections for the developing world. Annual Meetings 2023. Washington, DC. www.worldbank.org/en/publication/macro-poverty-outlook/mpo_mena

13 World Bank. 2023. Macro Poverty Outlook for South Asia. Country-by-country analysis and projections for the developing world. Annual Meetings 2023. Washington, DC. www.worldbank.org/en/publication/macro-poverty-outlook/mpo_sar

14 World Bank. 2023. Macro Poverty Outlook for Latin America and the Caribbean. Country-by-country analysis and projections for the developing world. Annual Meetings 2023. Washington, DC. www.worldbank.org/en/publication/macro-poverty-outlook/mpo_lac

15 IMF. 2019. World Economic Outlook (WEO) database, October 2019. في: IMF. [ورد ذكره في 10 مايو/أيار 2023]. www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2019/October

16 IMF. 2021. World Economic Outlook (WEO) database, October 2021. في: IMF. [ورد ذكره في 10 مايو/أيار 2023]. www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October

17 European Union, FAO, UN-Habitat (United Nations Human Settlements Programme), OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) & World Bank. 2021. Applying the Degree of Urbanisation. A methodological manual to define cities, towns and rural areas for international comparisons. 2021 edition. Luxembourg, Publications Office of the European Union. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3859598/15348338/KS-02-20-499-EN-N.pdf

18 منظمة الأغذية والزراعة. 2020. الآثار الجنسانية المترتبة عن جائحة كوفيد19 واستجابات السياسات العادلة في مجالات الزراعة والأمن الغذائي والتغذية. روما. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9198ar

19 UN Women. 2020. Whose time to care? Unpaid care and domestic work during COVID-19. New York, USA. https://data.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/inline-files/Whose-time-to-care-brief_0.pdf

20 Mane, E., Macchioni, G.A., Cafiero, C. & Viviani, S. (سيصدُر قريبًا). Why are women more food insecure than men? Exploring socio-economic drivers and the role of COVID-19 in widening the global gender gap. Background paper for The status of women in agrifood systems 2023. Rome, FAO.

21 FAO. 2023. The status of women in agrifood systems. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc5343en(نُشرت نظرة عامة عن وضع النساء في النظم الزراعية والغذائي باللغة العربية على الموقع الالكتروني: https://doi.org/10.4060/cc5060ar)

22 FAO & WHO. 2019. Sustainable healthy diets – Guiding principles. Rome. www.fao.org/3/ca6640en/ca6640en.pdf

23 منظمة الصحة العالميّة. 2020. النظم الغذائيّة الصحيّة. في: منظمة الصحة العالمية. [ورد ذكرها في 10 مايو/أيار 2023]. https://www.who.int/ar/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet

24 منظمة الأغذية والزراعة والصندوق الدولي للتنمية الزراعية واليونيسف وبرنامج الأغذية العالمي ومنظمة الصحة العالمية. 2019. حالة‬ ‫الأمن الغذائي والتغذية في العالم ‪ :2019‬الاحتراز من حالات التباطؤ والانكماش الاقتصادي. روما، منظمة الأغذية والزراعة. http://www.fao.org/3/ca5162en/ca5162ar.pdf

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25 منظمة الأغذية والزراعة. 2023. قاعدة البيانات الإحصائية الموضوعية في المنظمة: كلفة النمط الغذائي الصحي والقدرة على تحملها. في: منظمة الأغذية والزراعة. [ورد ذكره في 10 مايو/أيار 2023]. https://www.fao.org/faostat/ar/#data/CAHD.

26 World Bank. 2023. Poverty and Inequality Platform (PIP). في: World Bank. [ورد ذكره في 10 مايو/أيار 2023]. https://pip.worldbank.org

27 UN DESA. 2021. World Economic Situation and Prospects 2021. New York, USA, United Nations. www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/publication/world-economic-situation-and-prospects-2021

28 World Bank. 2022. Macro Poverty Outlook. Country-by-country analysis and projections for the developing world. Annual Meetings 2022. Washington, DC. www.worldbank.org/en/publication/macro-poverty-outlook

29 Asian Development Bank. 2020. The economic impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on developing Asia. ADB briefs No. 128. Manila. https://dx.doi.org/10.22617/BRF200096

30 IMF. 2021. World Economic Outlook, October 2021: Recovery during a pandemic. Health concerns, supply disruptions, and price pressures. Washington, DC. www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2021/10/12/world-economic-outlook-october-2021

31 IMF. 2023. World Economic Outlook. A rocky recovery. Washington, DC. www.imf.org/-/media/Files/Publications/WEO/2023/April/English/text.ashx

32 Grosso, G., Mateo, A., Rangelov, N., Buzeti, T. & Birt, C. on behalf of the Food and Nutrition Section of the European Public Health Association. 2020. Nutrition in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals. European Journal of Public Health, 30(Supplement_1): i19–i23. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa034

33 WHO & UNICEF. 2004. Low birthweight: country, regional and global estimates. Geneva, Switzerland and New York, USA. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43184

34 Jornayvaz, F.R., Vollenweider, P., Bochud, M., Mooser, V., Waeber, G. & Marques-Vidal, P. 2016. Low birth weight leads to obesity, diabetes and increased leptin levels in adults: the CoLaus study. Cardiovascular Diabetology, 15: 73. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-016-0389-2

35 منظمة الصحة العالميّة. 2023. الرضاعة الطبيعيّة. في: منظمة الصحة العالميّة [ورد ذكره في 18 مايو/أيار 2023]. https://www.who.int/ar/health-topics/breastfeeding#tab=tab_1

36 منظمة الأغذية والزراعة والصندوق الدولي للتنمية الزراعية واليونيسف وبرنامج الأغذية العالمي ومنظمة الصحة العالمية. 2020. حالة الأمن الغذائي والتغذية في العالم 2020. تحويل النظم الغذائية من أجل أنماط غذائية صحيّة ميسورة الكلفة. روما، منظمة الأغذية والزراعة. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9692ar‬‬

37 Bhutta, Z.A., Berkley, J.A., Bandsma, R.H.J., Kerac, M., Trehan, I. & Briend, A. 2017. Severe childhood malnutrition. Nature reviews. Disease primers, 3: 17067. https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrdp.2017.67

38 Johnston, R., Dhamija, G., Kapoor, M., Agrawal, P.K. & Wagt, A. de. 2021. Methods for assessing seasonal and annual trends in wasting in Indian surveys (NFHS-3, 4, RSOC & CNNS). PLOS ONE, 16(11): e0260301. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260301

39 FAO & Tufts University. 2019. Twin peaks: the seasonality of acute malnutrition, conflict and environmental factors in Chad, South Sudan and the Sudan. Rome, FAO. www.fao.org/3/ca6984en/ca6984en.pdf

40. منظمة الصحة العالمية. 2021. السمنة وفرط الوزن. في: منظمة الصحة العالمية [ورد ذكره في 10 مايو/أيار 2023].https://www.who.int/ar/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight

41 Okunogbe, A., Nugent, R., Spencer, G., Powis, J., Ralston, J. & Wilding, J. 2022. Economic impacts of overweight and obesity: current and future estimates for 161 countries. BMJ Global Health, 7(9): e009773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009773

42 UNICEF. 1981. The International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes. Geneva, Switzerland.

43 WHO. 2023. Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) tools. في: WHO | Nutrition and Food Safety. [ورد ذكره في 18 مايو/أيار 2023]. www.who.int/teams/nutrition-and-food-safety/food-and-nutrition-actions-in-health-systems/ten-steps-to-successful-breastfeeding

44 FAO, UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees), UNICEF, WFP & WHO. 2023. Global Action Plan on Child Wasting. [ورد ذكره في 18 مايو/أيار 2023]. www.childwasting.org

45 WHO. 2016. Report of the commission on ending childhood obesity. Geneva, Switzerland. https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/906889/retrieve

46 UNICEF. 2007. Technical note: how to calculate average annual rate of reduction (AARR) of underweight prevalence. في: UNICEF. [ورد ذكره في 10 مايو/أيار 2023]. https://data.unicef.org/resources/technical-note-calculate-average-annual-rate-reduction-aarr-underweight-prevalence

47 Kothari, M.T., Abderrahim, N., Coile, A. & Cheng, Y. 2014. Nutritional Status of Women and Children: a 2014 update on nutritional status by sociodemographic and water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) indicators collected in Demographic and Health Surveys. DHS Nutritional Reports No. 6. Rockville, USA, ICF International. https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/NUT6/NUT6.pdf

48 Masters, W.A. 2016. The economic causes of malnutrition. في: M. Eggersdorfer, K. Kraemer, J.B. Cordaro, J. Fanzo, M. Gibney, E. Kennedy & A. Labrique, eds. Good Nutrition. Perspectives for the 21st century, pp. 92–104. Cambridge, UK, Karger. https://doi.org/10.1159/000452378

49 UNICEF. 2022. Child food poverty: a nutrition crisis in early childhood. New York, USA. https://data.unicef.org/resources/child-food-poverty

50 UNICEF. 2020. UNICEF conceptual framework on maternal and child nutrition. New York, USA. www.unicef.org/documents/conceptual-framework-nutrition

51 Popkin, B.M. 2004. The nutrition transition: an overview of world patterns of change. Nutrition Reviews, 62(7 Pt 2): S140-143. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00084.x

52 NCD-RisC (NCD Risk Factor Collaboration). 2019. Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults. Nature, 569: 260–264. www.nature.com/articles/s41586-0-191171-x

53 Reardon, T., Tschirley, D., Liverpool-Tasie, L.S.O., Awokuse, T., Fanzo, J., Minten, B., Vos, R. et al. 2021. The processed food revolution in African food systems and the double burden of malnutrition. Global Food Security, 28: 100466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100466

54 Popkin, B.M. & Ng, S.W. 2022. The nutrition transition to a stage of high obesity and noncommunicable disease prevalence dominated by ultra-processed foods is not inevitable. Obesity Reviews, 23(1): e13366. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13366

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