CHAPITRE 1

1 FAO (Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture), FIDA (Fonds international de développement agricole), OMS (Organisation mondiale de la Santé), PAM (Programme alimentaire mondial) et UNICEF (Fonds des Nations Unies pour l’enfance). 2017. L’État de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition dans le monde 2017. Renforcer la résilience pour favoriser la paix et la sécurité alimentaire. Rome. https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/7d899360-ffc7-42e8-a1bf-d75c3416ed44

2 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PAM et UNICEF. 2018. L’État de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition dans le monde 2018. Renforcer la résilience face aux changements climatiques pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition. Rome. https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/a6de19c2-786b-43b2-9de0-3962f375c562

3 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PAM et UNICEF. 2019. L’État de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition dans le monde 2019. Se prémunir contre les ralentissements et les fléchissements économiques. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/CA5162FR

4 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PAM et UNICEF. 2020. L’État de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition dans le monde 2020. Transformer les systèmes alimentaires pour une alimentation saine et abordable. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9692fr

5 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PAM et UNICEF. 2021. L’État de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition dans le monde 2021. Transformer les systèmes alimentaires pour que la sécurité alimentaire, une meilleure nutrition et une alimentation saine et abordable soient une réalité pour tous. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb4474fr

6 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PAM et UNICEF. 2023. L’État de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition dans le monde 2023. Urbanisation, transformation des systèmes agroalimentaires et accès à une alimentation saine le long du continuum rural-urbain. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc3017fr

7 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PAM et UNICEF. 2022. L’État de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition dans le monde 2022. Réorienter les politiques alimentaires et agricoles pour rendre l’alimentation saine plus abordable. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0639fr

CHAPITRE 2

1 Réseau d’information sur la sécurité alimentaire et Réseau mondial contre les crises alimentaires. 2024. Global Report on Food Crises 2024. Rome. https://www.fsinplatform.org/report/global-report-food-crises-2024

2 IPC (Cadre intégré de classification de la sécurité alimentaire). 2024. IPC. [Consulté le 29 mai 2024]. https://www.ipcinfo.org

3 IPC. 2024. IPC Global Initiative - Special Brief: The Gaza Strip. https://www.ipcinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ipcinfo/docs/IPC_Gaza_Strip_Acute_Food_Insecurity_Feb_July2024_Special_Brief.pdf

4 IPC. 2021. Technical Manual Version 3.1. Evidence and standards for better food security and nutrition decisions. Rome. https://www.ipcinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ipcinfo/manual/IPC_Technical_Manual_3_Final.pdf

5 FMI (Fonds monétaire international). 2024. Perspectives de l’économie mondiale. Reprise stable mais lente: résilience sur fond de disparités. Washington. https://www.imf.org/fr/Publications/WEO/Issues/2024/04/16/world-economic-outlook-april-2024

6 FMI. 2019. IMF: World Economic Outlook (WEO) database, Octobre 2019. [Consulté le 24 juin 2024]. www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2019/October

7 Union européenne, FAO, ONU-Habitat (Programme des Nations Unies pour les établissements humains), OCDE (Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques) et Banque mondiale. 2021. Appliquer le degré d’urbanisation. Manuel méthodologique destiné à définir les agglomérations, les villes et les zones rurales à des fins de comparaisons internationales. Édition 2021. Luxembourg, Office des publications de l’Union européenne. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3859598/15348347/KS-02-20-499-FR-N.pdf/2c216eee-fe65-caeb-0e4d-fcaa4e437e89?t=1669905093910

8 FAO. 2020. Effets sexospécifiques de la covid-19 et mesures de politique générale équitables en matière d’agriculture, de sécurité alimentaire et de nutrition. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9198fr

9 ONU-Femmes. 2020. Whose time to care? Unpaid care and domestic work during COVID-19. New York (États-Unis). https://data.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/inline-files/Whose-time-to-care-brief_0.pdf

10 Mane, E., Giaquinto, A. M., Cafiero, C., Viviani, S. et Anríquez, G. 2024. Why are women more food insecure than men? Exploring socioeconomic drivers and the role of COVID-19 in widening the global gender gap. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc9160en

11 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PAM et UNICEF. 2018. L’État de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition dans le monde 2018. Renforcer la résilience face aux changements climatiques pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition. Rome, FAO. https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/a6de19c2-786b-43b2-9de0-3962f375c562

12 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PAM et UNICEF. 2020. L’État de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition dans le monde 2020. Transformer les systèmes alimentaires pour une alimentation saine et abordable. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9692fr

13 Verger, E. O., Savy, M., Martin-Prevel, Y., Coates, J., Frongillo, E., Neufeld, L., Saha, K. et al. 2023. Healthy diet metrics: A suitability assessment of indicators for global and national monitoring purposes. Genève (Suisse), OMS. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240072138

14 OMS. 2020. Healthy diet. Dans: OMS. [Consulté le 29 mai 2024]. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet

15 FAO et OMS. 2019. Régimes alimentaires sains et durables: principes directeurs. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/CA6640FR

16 OMS. 2023. Use of non-sugar sweeteners: WHO guideline. Genève (Suisse). https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240073616

17 OMS. 2023. Total fat intake for the prevention of unhealthy weight gain in adults and children: WHO guideline. Genève (Suisse). https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240073654

18 OMS. 2023. Saturated fatty acid and trans-fatty acid intake for adults and children: WHO guideline. Genève (Suisse). https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240073630

19 OMS. 2023. Carbohydrate intake for adults and children: WHO guideline. Genève (Suisse). https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240073593

20 Alvarez-Sanchez, C., Moltedo, A., Troubat, N., Manyani, T., Yassin, F., Kepple, A. et Cafiero, C. 2021. The relationship between food insecurity and dietary outcomes – An analysis conducted with nationally representative data from Kenya, Mexico, Samoa, and the Sudan. Division de la statistique de la FAO. Document de travail no 21-25. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb6217en

21 Maitra, C. 2018. A review of studies examining the link between food insecurity and malnutrition. Rome, FAO. https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/ca1447en

22 Global Diet Quality Project. 2024. Global Diet Quality Project. [Consulté le 25 avril 2024]. https://www.dietquality.org

23 Women’s Dietary Diversity Project (WDDP) Study Group. 2017. Development of a dichotomous indicator for population-level assessment of dietary diversity in women of reproductive age. Dans: Current Developments in Nutrition, 1(12): cdn.117.001701. https://doi.org/10.3945/cdn.117.001701

24 FAO. 2023. Suivi des progrès des indicateurs des ODD liés à l’alimentation et à l’agriculture 2023. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc7088fr

25 Herforth, A., Bai, Y., Venkat, A., Mahrt, K., Ebel, A. et Masters, W. A. 2020. Cost and affordability of healthy diets across and within countries. Background paper for The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020. Étude technique sur l’économie du développement agricole de la FAO no 9. Rome, FAO. https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/5c33ca33-53e8-4ec6-89c5-f398bcfbf3c3

26 Banque mondiale. 2024. Programme de comparaison internationale. Dans: Banque mondiale. [Consulté le 29 mai 2024]. https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/icp

27 Bai, Y., Conti, V., Ebel, A., Cafiero, C., Herforth, A., Rissanen, M. O., Rosero Moncayo, J. et Masters, W. A. (à paraître). Methods for monitoring the cost of a healthy diet based on price data from the International Comparison Program. Document de travail de la Division de la statistique de la FAO. Rome, FAO.

28 Herforth, A., Venkat, A., Bai, Y., Costlow, L., Holleman, C. et Masters, W. A. 2022. Methods and options to monitor the cost and affordability of a healthy diet globally. Background paper to The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2022. Document de travail de la FAO sur l’économie du développement agricole n° 22-03. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc1169en

29 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PAM et UNICEF. 2022. L’État de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition dans le monde 2022. Réorienter les politiques alimentaires et agricoles pour rendre l’alimentation saine plus abordable. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0639fr

30 Jolliffe, D. et Prydz, E. B. 2021. Societal poverty: a relative and relevant measure. Dans: The Banque mondiale Economic Review, 35(1): 180-206. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhz018

31 Bai, Y., Herforth, A., Cafiero, C., Conti, V., Rissanen, M. O., Masters, W. A. et Rosero Moncayo, J. (à paraître). Methods for monitoring the affordability of a healthy diet. Document de travail de la Division de la statistique de la FAO. Rome, FAO.

32 Gerszon Mahler, D., Yonzan, N., Hill, R., Lakner, C., Wu, H. et Yoshida, N. 2022. Pandemic, prices, and poverty. Dans: Banque mondiale Blogs. [Consulté le 29 mai 2024]. https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/opendata/pandemic-prices-and-poverty

33 FAO. 2024. Indice FAO des prix des produits alimentaires. Dans: Situation alimentaire mondiale. [Consulté le 29 mai 2024]. https://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/foodpricesindex/fr?_sm_au_=iVVnffMBnmqjMSMr%2fen%2fr

34 Banque mondiale. 2024. Banque mondiale. DataBank: World Development Indicators. [Consulté le 14 mars 2024]. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators

35 FMI. 2022. Macroeconomic developments and prospects in low-income countries - 2022. Policy Papers, 2022(054). https://doi.org/10.5089/9798400227813.007.A001

36 Mouvement SUN. 2015. Lier la nutrition et les ODD. Dans: Mouvement SUN. [Consulté le 30 avril 2024]. https://fr.scalingupnutrition.org/resources/nutrition-info/nutrition-action/linking-nutrition-and-sdgs

37 OMS. 2024. SDG Target 2.2 Malnutrition. Dans: WHO The Global Health Observatory. [Consulté le 25 avril 2024]. https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/sdg-target-2_2-malnutrition

38 OMS et UNICEF. 2019. The extension of the 2025 maternal, infant and young child nutrition targets to 2030. WHO/UNICEF discussion paper. Genève (Suisse) et New York (États-Unis) https://data.unicef.org/resources/who-unicef-discussion-paper-nutrition-targets

39 Conseil économique et social des Nations Unies. 2020. Report of the Inter-Agency and Expert Group on Sustainable Development Goal Indicators. https://tcg.uis.unesco.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2020/10/TCG-7-REF-1.pdf

40 OMS. 2013. Global action plan for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases 2013-2020. Genève (Suisse). https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241506236

41 Comité permanent des Nations Unies sur la nutrition. 2024. The Decade of Action on Nutrition 2016-2025. Dans: UNSCN. [Consulté le 25 avril 2024]. https://www.unscn.org/en/topics/un-decade-of-action-on-nutrition

42 Herman, D. R., Taylor Baer, M., Adams, E., Cunningham-Sabo, L., Duran, N., Johnson, D. B. et Yakes, E. 2014. Life course perspective: Evidence for the role of nutrition. Dans: Maternal and Child Health Journal, 18(2): 450-461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-013-1280-3

43 Stevens, G. A., Beal, T., Mbuya, M. N. N., Luo, H., Neufeld, L. M., Addo, O. Y., Adu-Afarwuah, S. et al. 2022. Micronutrient deficiencies among preschool-aged children and women of reproductive age worldwide: a pooled analysis of individual-level data from population-representative surveys. Dans: The Lancet Global Health, 10(11): e1590-e1599. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00367-9

44 Berger, S. G., de Pee, S., Bloem, M. W., Halati, S. et Semba, R. D. 2007. Malnutrition and morbidity are higher in children who are missed by periodic vitamin A capsule distribution for child survival in rural Indonesia. Dans: The Journal of Nutrition, 137(5): 1328–1333. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/137.5.1328

45 Barker, D. J. 1995. Fetal origins of coronary heart disease. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 311(6998): 171-174. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.311.6998.171

46 Karakochuk, C. D., Whitfield, K. C., Green, T.J. et Kraemer, K. (dir. pub.). 2017. The biology of the first 1,000 days. Boca Raton (États-Unis), CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315152950

47 Perumal, N., Blakstad, M. M., Fink, G., Lambiris, M., Bliznashka, L., Danaei, G. et Sudfeld, C. R. 2021. Impact of scaling up prenatal nutrition interventions on human capital outcomes in low- and middle-income countries: a modeling analysis. Dans:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 114(5): 1708-1718. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqab234

48 Lassi, Z. S., Padhani, Z. A., Rabbani, A., Rind, F., Salam, R. A., Das, J.K. et Bhutta, Z. A. 2020. Impact of dietary interventions during pregnancy on maternal, neonatal, and child outcomes in low- and middle-income countries. Dans: Nutrients, 12(2): 531. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020531

49 Martorell, R., Melgar, P., Maluccio, J.A., Stein, A. D. et Rivera, J. A. 2010. The nutrition intervention improved adult human capital and economic productivity. Dans: The Journal of Nutrition, 140(2): 411. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.109.114504

50 1,000 Days. 2024. Building brains. Dans: 1,000 Days. [Consulté le 25 avril 2024]. https://thousanddays.org/why-1000-days/building-brains

51 Bhutta, Z. A., Norris, S. A., Roberts, M. et Singhal, A. 2023. The global challenge of childhood obesity and its consequences: what can be done? Dans: The Lancet Global Health, 11(8): e1172-e1173. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00284-X

52 Saad, R. A., et Qutob, H. M. 2022. The relationship between anemia and obesity. Dans: Expert Review of Hematology, 15(10): 911–926. https://doi.org/10.1080/17474086.2022.2131521

53 Clark, P. 2024. Iron deficiency related to obesity. Dans: Journal of Infusion Nursing, 47(3): 163-174. https://doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000000546

54 CNUCED (Conférence des Nations Unies sur le commerce et le développement). 2024. UN list of least developed countries. Dans: CNUCED. [Consulté le 25 avril 2024]. https://unctad.org/topic/least-developed-countries/list

55 CNUCED. 2024. Least Developed Countries category. Dans: Organisation des Nations Unies. [Consulté le 25 avril 2024]. https://www.un.org/ohrlls/content/ldc-category

56 Popkin, B. M., Corvalan, C. et Grummer-Strawn, L. M. 2020. Dynamics of the double burden of malnutrition and the changing nutrition reality. Dans: The Lancet, 395(10217): 65-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32497-3

57 Osendarp, S. J. M., Brown, K. H., Neufeld, L. M., Udomkesmalee, E. et Moore, S. E. 2020. The double burden of malnutrition—further perspective. Dans: The Lancet, 396(10254): 813. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31364-7

58 OMS. 2017. The double burden of malnutrition: policy brief. Genève (Suisse). www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-NMH-NHD-17.3

59 NCD-RisC (NCD Risk Factor Collaboration). 2024. NCD-RisC. [Consulté le 25 avril 2024]. https://ncdrisc.org

60 NCD-RisC. 2024. Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults. Dans: The Lancet, 403(10431): 1027-1050. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02750-2

61 OMS. 2024. Growth reference data for 5-19 years. Dans: WHO. [Consulté le 25 avril 2024]. https://www.who.int/tools/growth-reference-data-for-5to19-years

62 DESA (Département des affaires économiques et sociales). 2022. World Population Prospects 2022. Dans: Organisation des Nations Unies. [Consulté le 24 juillet 2024]. https://population.un.org/wpp

63 OMS. 2022. Ageing and health. Dans: OMS. [Consulté le 9 mai 2024]. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing-and-health

64 Décennie pour le vieillissement en bonne santé. 2022. Décennie pour le vieillissement en bonne santé – La Plateforme. [Consulté le 25 avril 2024]. https://www.decadeofhealthyageing.org/fr/home

65 OMS. 2024. Décennie pour le vieillissement en bonne santé (2021-2030). Dans: OMS. [Consulté le 25 avril 2024]. https://www.who.int/fr/initiatives/decade-of-healthy-ageing

66 Hawkes, C., Ruel, M.T., Salm, L., Sinclair, B. et Branca, F. 2020. Double-duty actions: seizing programme and policy opportunities to address malnutrition in all its forms. Dans: The Lancet, 395(10218): 142-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32506-1

67 OMS. 2017. Double-duty actions for nutrition: policy brief. Genève (Suisse). https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-NMH-NHD-17.2

68 IFPRI (Institut international de recherche sur les politiques alimentaires). 2015. Global Nutrition Report 2015: Actions and accountability to advance nutrition and sustainable development. Washington. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/9780896298835

69 OMS. 2023. WHO guideline for complementary feeding of infants and young children 6–23 months of age. Genève (Suisse). https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240081864

70 OMS. 2023. WHO guideline on the prevention and management of wasting and nutritional oedema (acute malnutrition) in infants and children under 5 years. Genève (Suisse). https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240082830

71 OMS. 2019. Essential nutrition actions: mainstreaming nutrition through the life-course. Genève (Suisse). https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241515856

CHAPITRE 3

1 Díaz-Bonilla, E. 2021. Financing SDG2 and ending hunger. Food Systems Summit Brief prepared by Research Partners of the Scientific Group for the Food Systems Summit, May 11th, 2021. Washington, IFPRI. https://sc-fss2021.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/FSS_Brief_Financing_SDG2_and_Ending_Hunger.pdf

2 Díaz-Bonilla, E., Swinnen, J. et Vos, R. 2021. Financing the transformation to healthy, sustainable, and equitable food systems. Dans: 2021 Global Food Policy Report: Transforming food systems after COVID-19. p. 20-23. Washington, IFPRI. https://doi.org/10.2499/9780896293991

3 Havemann, T. et Speckhardt, C. 2020. Mobilizing additional financial resources for nutrition. Männedorf, (Suisse), Clarmondial AG. https://www.shareweb.ch/site/Agriculture-and-Food-Security/focusareas/Documents/nutrition_keydocs_sdc_financing_nutrition.pdf

4 Shekar, M., Shibata Okamura, K., Gautam, M., Christiaensen, L. et Gentilini, U. 2021. Financing SDG2: Hunger and malnutrition – what will it take? Dans: Banque mondiale Blogs. [Consulté le23 avril 2024]. https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/voices/financing-sdg2-hunger-and-malnutrition-what-will-it-take

5 Eber-Rose, M., Laborde, D. et Murphy, S. 2020. Ending Hunger Sustainably: Trends in official development assistance (ODA) spending for agriculture. Cornell University, IFPRI et IISD (Institut international de développement durable). https://ceres2030.iisd.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/ceres2030-en-2020-ehs-tends-official-development-assistance-spending-for-agriculture.pdf

6 GDPRD (Plateforme mondiale des donateurs pour le développement rural). 2011. Aid to agriculture, rural development: Unpacking aid flows for enhanced transparency, accountability for rural development and food security and aid effectiveness. Bonn (Allemagne).

7 Eber Rose, M., Laborde, D., Lefebvre, L., Olivetti, E. et Smaller, C. (à paraître). Towards a common definition of aid for food security and nutrition – Background note. Rome, FAO, et Genève (Suisse), Centre Shamba pour l’alimentation et le climat. https://doi.org/10.4060/cd1957en

8 Overseas Development Institute. 2012. Measuring aid to agriculture and food security. Londres. https://cdn.odi.org/media/documents/7588.pdf

9 FAO et ZEF (Center for Development Research of the University of Bonn). 2020. Investment costs and policy action opportunities for reaching a world without hunger (SDG2). Joint report. Bonn (Allemagne). https://doi.org/10.4060/cb1497en

10 Commission européenne. 2016. Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council. Implementing EU food and nutrition security policy commitments: second biennial report – Annexes. Bruxelles. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=SWD:2016:0155:FIN:EN:PDF

11 OCDE. 2024. Development finance data. Dans: OCDE. [Consulté le 9 mai 2024]. https://www.oecd.org/dac/financing-sustainable-development/development-finance-data

12 Initiative de L’Aquila sur la sécurité alimentaire mondiale. 2012. Initiative de L’Aquila sur la sécurité alimentaire mondiale (AFSI) 2012 Report. L’Aquila (Italie). https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/202922.pdf

13 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PAM et UNICEF. 2017. L’État de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition dans le monde 2017. Renforcer la résilience pour favoriser la paix et la sécurité alimentaire. Rome. https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/7d899360-ffc7-42e8-a1bf-d75c3416ed44

14 Zoubek, S., Lateef, A., Carrasco Azzini, G. et Holleman, C. (à paraître). Reorientation, innovation and the global architecture for food security and nutrition financing – Document d’information établi pour servir de base au rapport sur L’État de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition dans le monde 2024. Document de travail de la FAO sur l’économie du développement agricole. Rome, FAO.

15 OCDE. 2009. Government at a Glance 2009. Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264061651-6-en

16 Perez Weigel, C. et Brun, D. 2024. Tax Foundation: Sources of Government Revenue in the OECD, 2024 Update. [Consulté le 24 juillet 2024]. https://taxfoundation.org/data/all/global/oecd-tax-revenue-by-country-2024

17 OCDE. 2024. Official development assistance – definition and coverage. Dans: OCDE. [Consulté le 25 mars 2024]. https://www.oecd.org/dac/financing-sustainable-development/development-finance-standards/officialdevelopmentassistancedefinitionandcoverage.htm

18 OCDE. 2024. OCDE: DAC and CRS code lists. [Consulté le 24 juillet 2024]. https://webfs.oecd.org/oda/DataCollection/Resources/DAC-CRS-CODES.xls

19 Ofosu-Mensah Ababio, J., Aboagye, A. Q. Q., Barnor, C. et Agyei, S. K. 2022. Foreign and domestic private investment in developing and emerging economies: A review of literature. Cogent Economics & Finance, 10(1): 2132646. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2022.2132646

20 FAO. 2012. La situation mondiale de l’alimentation et de l’agriculture, 2012. Investir dans l’agriculture pour un avenir meilleur. Rome. https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/i3028f

21 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PAM et UNICEF. 2023. L’État de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition dans le monde 2023. Urbanisation, transformation des systèmes agroalimentaires et accès à une alimentation saine le long du continuum rural-urbain. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc3017fr

22 Chichaibelu, B. B., Bekchanov, M., von Braun, J. et Torero, M. 2023. The global cost of reaching a world without hunger: Investment costs and policy action opportunities. Dans: J. von Braun, K. Afsana, L.O. Fresco et M.H.A. Hassan (dir. pub.). Science and Innovations for Food Systems Transformation. p. 625-660. Cham (Suisse), Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15703-5_34

23 Gyimah-Brempong, K. et Adesugba, M. 2015. Agricultural aid and food security in Africa. https://www.aeaweb.org/conference/2016/retrieve.php?pdfid=21639&tk=EFbbTTah

24 Jensen, R. T. et Miller, N. H. 2010. A revealed preference approach to measuring hunger and undernutrition. Working Paper 16555. Cambridge (États-Unis), National Bureau of Economic Research. http://www.nber.org/papers/w16555

25 Herforth, A. 2016. Impact assessment of policies to support healthy food environments and healthy diets: Implementing the Framework for Action of the Second International Conference on Nutrition. UNSCN Discussion Paper. Genève (Suisse), UNSCN (Comité permanent des Nations Unies sur la nutrition). https://www.unscn.org/en/unscn-publications?idnews=1279

26 HLPE-FSN (Groupe d’experts de haut niveau sur la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition du Comité de la sécurité alimentaire mondiale). 2017. Nutrition et systèmes alimentaires. Rapport du Groupe d’experts de haut niveau sur la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition du Comité de la sécurité alimentaire mondiale. Rome. https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/i7846fr

27 HLPE-FSN. 2020. Sécurité alimentaire et nutrition: énoncé d’une vision globale à l’horizon 2030. Rapport du Groupe d’experts de haut niveau sur la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition du Comité de la sécurité alimentaire mondiale. Rome. https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/ca9731fr

28 Kraak, V. I., Swinburn, B., Lawrence, M. et Harrison, P. 2014. An accountability framework to promote healthy food environments. Public Health Nutrition, 17(11): 2467-2483. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980014000093

29 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PAM et UNICEF. 2020. L’État de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition dans le monde 2020. Transformer les systèmes alimentaires pour une alimentation saine et abordable. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9692fr

30 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PAM et UNICEF. 2021. L’État de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition dans le monde 2021. Transformer les systèmes alimentaires pour que la sécurité alimentaire, une meilleure nutrition et une alimentation saine et abordable soient une réalité pour tous. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb4474fr

31 Réseau d’information sur la sécurité alimentaire et Réseau mondial contre les crises alimentaires. 2024. Global Report on Food Crises 2024. Rome. https://www.fsinplatform.org/report/global-report-food-crises-2024

32 Réseau mondial contre les crises alimentaires. 2024. 2023 Financing Flows and Food Crises Report – Analysis of humanitarian and development financing flows to food sectors in food crisis countries. Rome. https://www.fightfoodcrises.net/sites/default/files/2024-02/Financing_Flows_and_Food_Crises_Report_2023.pdf

33 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PAM et UNICEF. 2019. L’État de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition dans le monde 2019. Se prémunir contre les ralentissements et les fléchissements économiques. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/CA5162FR

34 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PAM et UNICEF. 2018. L’État de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition dans le monde 2018. Renforcer la résilience face aux changements climatiques pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition. Rome. www.fao.org/3/I9553FR/i9553fr.pdf

35 Banque mondiale, FIDA et Pôle de coordination des Nations Unies sur les systèmes alimentaires. 2024. Tracking FInacial Flows to Food Systems (3FS): Methodological approach. Rome.

CHAPITRE 4

1 Pernechele, V., Fontes, F., Baborska, R., Nkuingoua, J., Pan, X. et Tuyishime, C. 2021. Public expenditure on food and agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa: Trends, challenges and priorities. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb4492en

2 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PAM et UNICEF. 2022. L’État de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition dans le monde 2022. Réorienter les politiques alimentaires et agricoles pour rendre l’alimentation saine plus abordable. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0639fr

3 Takeshima, H. 2024. Public expenditure’s role in reducing poverty and improving food and nutrition security: Cross-country evidence from SPEED data. Dans: The European Journal of Development Research. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41287-023-00623-8

4 Kasililika-Mlagha, E. C. 2021. The impact of public agriculture expenditure on food security and nutrition in the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Pretoria, University of Pretoria, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development. https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/78131/Kasililika-Mlagha_Impact_2021.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

5 Sers, C. F. et Mughal, M. 2018. From Maputo to Malabo: Public agricultural spending and food security in Africa. https://hal.science/hal-01844094

6 Miyawaki, A., Evans, C.E.L., Lucas, P.J. et Kobayashi, Y. 2021. Relationships between social spending and childhood obesity in OECD countries: An ecological study. BMJ Open, 11(2): e044205. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044205

7 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PAM et UNICEF. 2020. L’État de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition dans le monde 2020. Transformer les systèmes alimentaires pour une alimentation saine et abordable. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9692fr

8 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PAM et UNICEF. 2023. L’État de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition dans le monde 2023. Urbanisation, transformation des systèmes agroalimentaires et accès à une alimentation saine le long du continuum rural-urbain. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc3017fr

9 OCDE. 2024. OCDE: OECD Data Explorer: Official Devlopment Assistance (ODA). [Consulté le 24 juillet 2024]. https://data-explorer.oecd.org/?fs[0]=Topic%2C1%7CDevelopment%23DEV%23%7COfficial%20Development%20Assistance%20%28ODA%29%23DEV_ODA%23&pg=0&fc=Topic&bp=true&snb=11

10 AidData. 2024. Dans: AidData. [Consulté le 24 mars 2024]. https://www.aiddata.org

11 Banque mondiale et Alliance mondiale pour le savoir sur les migrations et le développement. 2023. Leveraging diaspora finances for private capital mobilization. Migration and Development Brief 39. Washington. https://www.knomad.org/sites/default/files/publication-doc/migration_development_brief_39_0.pdf

12 Samdrup, T., Fogarty, J., Pandit, R., Iftekhar, Md.S. et Dorjee, K. 2023. Does FDI in agriculture in developing countries promote food security? Evidence from meta-regression analysis. Dans: Economic Analysis and Policy, 80: 1255-1272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2023.10.012

13 Gilmore, A. B., Fabbri, A., Baum, F., Bertscher, A., Bondy, K., Chang, H. J., Demaio, S. et al. 2023. Defining and conceptualising the commercial determinants of health. Dans: The Lancet, 401(10383): 1194-1213. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00013-2

14 Cuevas García-Dorado, S., Cornselsen, L., Smith, R. et Walls, H. 2019. Economic globalization, nutrition and health: a review of quantitative evidence. Dans: Globalization and Health, 15(1): 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-019-0456-z

15 Slater, S., Lawrence, M., Wood, B., Serodio, P. et Baker, P. 2024. Corporate interest groups and their implications for global food governance: mapping and analysing the global corporate influence network of the transnational ultra-processed food industry. Dans: Globalization and Health, 20(1): 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-024-01020-4

16 Lane, M. M., Gamage, E., Du, S., Ashtree, D. N., McGuinness, A. J., Gauci, S., Baker, P. et al. 2024. Ultra-processed food exposure and adverse health outcomes: Umbrella review of epidemiological meta-analyses. BMJ, 384: e077310. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2023-077310

17 Monteiro, C. A., Martínez-Steele, E. et Cannon, G. 2024. Reasons to avoid ultra-processed foods. BMJ, 384: q439. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.q439

18 Bandy, L., Jewell, J., Luick, M., Rayner, M., Li, Y., Shats, K., Jebb, S., Chang, S. et Dunford, E. 2023. The development of a method for the global health community to assess the proportion of food and beverage companies’ sales that are derived from unhealthy foods. Dans: Globalization and Health, 19(1): 94. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-023-00992-z

19 Fardet, A. et Rock, E. 2020. Ultra-processed foods and food system sustainability: What are the links? Sustainability, 12(15): 6280. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12156280

20 Anastasiou, K., Baker, P., Hadjikakou, M., Hendrie, G. A. et Lawrence, M. 2022. A conceptual framework for understanding the environmental impacts of ultra-processed foods and implications for sustainable food systems. Dans: Journal of Cleaner Production, 368: 133155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133155.

21 Convergence. 2023. State of Blended Finance 2023: Climate edition. Toronto (Canada) https://www.convergence.finance/resource/state-of-blended-finance-2023/view

22 Convergence. 2020. State of Blended Finance 2020. Toronto (Canada). https://www.convergence.finance/resource/the-state-of-blended-finance-2020/view

23 Banques multilatérales de développement et institutions de financement du développement. 2023. Mobilization of private finance 2020+2021 joint report. https://www.ifc.org/content/dam/ifc/doc/2023-delta/mdbs-joint-report-on-mobilization-of-private-finance-2020-21.pdf

24 FAO. 2024. FAOSTAT: Crédit à l’Agriculture. [Consulté le 24 juillet 2024]. https://www.fao.org/faostat/fr/#data/IC. Licence: CC-BY-4.0.

25 ISF Advisors. 2022. The state of the agri-SME sector – Bridging the finance gap. Bureau des affaires étrangères, du Commonwealth et du développement. https://isfadvisors.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/ISF_AgriSME-Finance-state-of-the-sector-report.pdf

26 FAO. 2024. FAOSTAT: Formation de capital. [Consulté le 24 juillet 2024]. https://www.fao.org/faostat/fr/#data/CS. Licence: CC-BY-4.0.

27 Sánchez, M. V. et Cicowiez, M. 2014. Trade-offs and payoffs of investing in human development. World Development, 62: 14–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.04.012

28 FAO. 2015. Objectif Faim Zéro. Le rôle crucial des investissements dans la protection sociale et l’agriculture. Rome. https://www.fao.org/3/i4951f/i4951f.pdf

29 Mason-D’Croz, D., Sulser, T. B., Wiebe, K., Rosegrant, M. W., Lowder, S. K., Nin-Pratt, A., Willenbockel, D. et al. 2019. Agricultural investments and hunger in Africa modeling potential contributions to SDG2 – Zero Hunger. Dans: World Development, 116: 38-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.12.006

30 Laborde, D., Bizikova, L., Lallemant, T. et Smaller, C. 2016. Ending hunger: What would it cost? Winnipeg (Canada) et Washington, IISD et IFPRI. https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/ending-hunger-what-would-it-cost.pdf

31 Laborde, D., Murphy, S., Parent, M., Porciello, J. et Smaller, C. 2020. Ceres2030: Sustainable solutions to end hunger – Summary report. Cornell University, IFPRI et IISD. https://ceres2030.iisd.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/ceres2030_en-summary-report.pdf

32 FAO et ZEF. 2020. Investment costs and policy action opportunities for reaching a world without hunger (SDG2). Joint report. Bonn (Allemagne). https://doi.org/10.4060/cb1497en

33 Shekar, M., Kakietek, J., Dayton Eberwein, J. et Walters, D. 2017. An investment framework for nutrition: Reaching the global targets for stunting, anemia, breastfeeding, and wasting. Washington. Banque mondiale. https://hdl.handle.net/10986/26069

34 Development Initiatives. 2021. 2021 Global Nutrition Report: The state of global nutrition. Bristol (Royaume-Uni). https://globalnutritionreport.org/documents/851/2021_Global_Nutrition_Report_aUfTRv0.pdf

35 Laborde, D. et Torero, M. 2023. Modeling actions for transforming agrifood systems. Dans: J. von Braun, K. Afsana, L.O. Fresco et M.H.A. Hassan (dir. pub.). Science and Innovations for Food Systems Transformation. p. 105-132. Cham (Suisse) Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15703-5_7

36 PAM. 2023. Estimating the food security impact of cuts in WFP assistance: A look at the highly affected operations using micro-data. Rome. https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000152402/download

37 Réseau d’information sur la sécurité alimentaire et Réseau mondial contre les crises alimentaires. 2024. Global Report on Food Crises 2024. Rome. https://www.fsinplatform.org/report/global-report-food-crises-2024

38 Lischer, S. K. 2017. The global refugee crisis: Regional destabilization & humanitarian protection. Daedalus, 146(4): 85-97. https://doi.org/10.1162/DAED_a_00461

39 Haer, R. et Hecker, T. 2019. Recruiting refugees for militarization: The determinants of mobilization attempts. Dans: Journal of Refugee Studies, 32(1): 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fey002

40 Salehyan, I. 2018. The strategic case for refugee resettlement. Washington, Niskanen Center. https://www.niskanencenter.org/wp-content/uploads/old_uploads/2018/09/NC-Refugee-Paper-SalehyanElec_FINAL.pdf

41 Milner, J. 2019. Refugees, peacebuilding, and paternalism: Lessons from Mozambique. Dans: M. Bradley, J. Milner et B. Peruniak (dir. pub.). Refugees’ roles in resolving displacement and building peace: Beyond beneficiaries. p. 115-131. Washington, Georgetown University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvfrxq90.11

42 Omata, N. 2015. Displacement economies in Africa: Paradoxes of crisis and creativity. Dans: Journal of Refugee Studies, 28(4): 597-599. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fev026

43 IDMC (Observatoire des situations de déplacement interne). 2023. 2023 Global Report on Internal Displacement. Genève (Suisse). https://www.internal-displacement.org/global-report/grid2023

44 HCR (Haut-Commissariat des Nations Unies pour les réfugiés). 2023. Global trends. Dans: HCR. [Consulté le 24 avril 2024]. https://www.unhcr.org/global-trends

45 PAM. 2017. 2017 - At the root of exodus: Food security, conflict and international migration. Rome. https://www.wfp.org/publications/2017-root-exodus-food-security-conflict-and-international-migration

46 OCDE. 2024. ODA levels in 2023 – preliminary data. Detailed summary note. Paris. https://www.oecd.org/dac/ODA-summary-2023.pdf

47 Akseer, N., Tasic, H., Nnachebe Onah, M., Wigle, J., Rajakumar, R., Sanchez-Hernandez, D., Akuoku, J. et al. 2022. Economic costs of childhood stunting to the private sector in low- and middle-income countries. eClinicalMedicine, 45: 101320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101320

48 CUA (Commission de l’Union africaine) et COHA (Cost of Hunger in Africa). 2020. The cost of hunger in Africa (COHA) continental report. Social and economic impact of child undernutrition. https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/41660-doc-COHA_CONTINENTAL_REPORTEnglish20211.pdf

49 Fédération mondiale de l’obésité. 2023. World Obesity Atlas 2023. Londres. https://data.worldobesity.org/publications/WOF-Obesity-Atlas-V5.pdf

50 Okunogbe, A., Nugent, R., Spencer, G., Powis, J., Ralston, J. et Wilding, J. 2022. Economic impacts of overweight and obesity: current and future estimates for 161 countries. Dans: BMJ Global Health, 7(9): e009773. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009773

51 Brero, M., Meyer, C. L., Jackson-Morris, A., Spencer, G., Ludwig-Borycz, E., Wu, D., Espinosa De Candido, A. F. et al. 2023. Investment case for the prevention and reduction of childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity in Mexico. Dans: Obesity Reviews, 24(9): e13595. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13595

52 Ma, G., Meyer, C. L., Jackson-Morris, A., Chang, S., Narayan, A., Zhang, M., Wu, D. et al. 2024. The return on investment for the prevention and treatment of childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity in China: a modelling study. Dans: The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific, 43: 100977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100977

53 Food and Land Use Coalition. 2019. Growing better: Ten critical transitions to transform food and land use. https://www.foodandlandusecoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/FOLU-GrowingBetter-GlobalReport.pdf

54 FAO. 2023. La Situation mondiale de l’alimentation et de l’agriculture 2023. Pour une transformation des systèmes agroalimentaires: connaître le coût véritable des aliments. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc7724fr

55 Foster, V., Rana, A. et Gorgulu, N. 2022. Understanding public spending trends for infrastructure in developing countries. Policy Research Working Paper 9903. Washington, Banque mondiale. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/727991642167519238/pdf/Understanding-Public-Spending-Trends-for-Infrastructure-in-Developing-Countries.pdf

56 Banque mondiale. 2022. Tanzania Agriculture Public Expenditure Review 2022. Washington. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099940006282220953/pdf/P1770630615f6e0e0bd4f0286e88583775.pdf

57 FAO, PNUD (Programme des Nations Unies pour le développement) et PNUE (Programme des Nations Unies pour l’environnement). 2021. A multi-billion-dollar opportunity – Repurposing agricultural support to transform food systems. In brief. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb6562en

58 Gautam, M., Mamun, A., Martin, W. et Vos, R. 2022. Repurposing agricultural policies and support: Options to transform agriculture and food systems to better serve the health of people, economies, and the planet. Washington, Banque mondiale. https://hdl.handle.net/10986/36875

59 Sánchez, M. V., Cicowiez, M., Pernechele, V. et Battaglia, L. (à paraître). The opportunity cost of not optimally repurposing public expenditure in food and agriculture in sub-Saharan African countries – Background paper for The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2024. Document de travail de la FAO sur l’économie du développement agricole. Rome, FAO.

60 Sánchez, M. V. et Cicowiez, M. 2022. Repurposing agriculture’s public budget to align healthy diets affordability and agricultural transformation objectives in ethiopia – Background paper for The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2022. Document de travail de la FAO sur l’économie du développement agricole n° 22-04. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc1174en

CHAPITRE 5

1 Banque mondiale. 2024. How does the Banque mondiale classify countries? Dans: Banque mondiale Data. [Consulté le 26 avril 2024]. https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/378834-how-does-the-world-bank-classify-countries

2 AID (Association internationale de développement). 2024. What Is IDA? Dans: AID. [Consulté le 26 avril 2024]. https://ida.worldbank.org/en/about

3 DESA. 2024. LDC identification criteria & indicators. Dans: Organisation des Nations Unies. [Consulté le 9 mai 2024]. https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category/ldc-criteria.html

4 FENU (Fonds d’équipement des Nations Unies). 2024. What We Do – Mobilizing and deploying impact capital for development in the LDCs is more critical now than ever. Dans: FENU. [Consulté le 9 mai 2024]. https://www.FENU.org/whatwedo

5 FMI. 2018. Guidance note on the bank-fund Debt Sustainability Framework for Low Income Countries. Washington. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Policy-Papers/Issues/2018/02/14/pp122617guidance-note-on-lic-dsf

6 Mustapha, S. et Prizzon, A. 2018. Africa’s rising debt: How to avoid a new crisis. Briefing note. Londres, ODI. https://cdn.odi.org/media/documents/12491.pdf

7 Robertson, F. 2024. Urgent solutions for a new era of debt distress. Dans: ONE Data & Analysis. [Consulté le 9 mai 2024]. https://data.one.org/data-dives/debt

8 Landers, C. et Aboneaaj, R. 2022. How the global debt crisis could make the hunger crisis worse. Dans: Center for Global Development. [Consulté le 26 avril 2024]. https://www.cgdev.org/blog/how-global-debt-crisis-could-make-hunger-crisis-worse

9 Banque mondiale. 2020. Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA). Washington. https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/b8464ff32b31e488bd3aec5437c3cc92-0290032021/original/CPIAFAQ2020.pdf

10 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PAM et UNICEF. 2021. L’État de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition dans le monde 2021. Transformer les systèmes alimentaires pour que la sécurité alimentaire, une meilleure nutrition et une alimentation saine et abordable soient une réalité pour tous. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb4474fr

11 Drummond, P., Daal, W., Srivastava, N. et Oliveira, L.E. 2012. Mobilizing revenue in sub-Saharan Africa: Empirical norms and key determinants. Washington, FMI. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2016/12/31/Mobilizing-Revenue-in-Sub-Saharan-Africa-Empirical-Norms-and-Key-Determinants-25882

12 Zouhaier, A. 2019. The role of political instability and corruption on foreign direct investment in the MENA region. Faculty of Economic and Management of Sousse University, Sousse (Tunisie). https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/95732/1/MPRA_paper_95732.pdf

13 Wang Qingshi, A., Muhammad Akbar, A. et Junaid, A. 2020. The impact of political risk and institutions on food security. Dans: Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal, 8(3): 924-941. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CRNFSJ.8.3.21

14 Bollaert, H., Lopez-de-Silanes, F. et Schwienbacher, A. 2021. Fintech and access to finance. Dans: Journal of Corporate Finance, 68: 101941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2021.101941

15 Banque mondiale. 2016. World Development Report 2016: Digital dividends. Washington. https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/wdr2016

16 Eber-Rose, M., Laborde, D. et Murphy, S. 2020. Ending Hunger Sustainably: Trends in official development assistance (ODA) spending for agriculture. Cornell University, IFPRI and IISD. https://ceres2030.iisd.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/ceres2030-en-2020-ehs-tends-official-development-assistance-spending-for-agriculture.pdf

17 Cornell University, IFPRI et IISD. 2020. Ceres2030: Sustainable solutions to end hunger. IISD. https://ceres2030.iisd.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/ceres2030-nature-portfolio-.pdf

18 FAO. 2023. Achieving SDG 2 without breaching the 1.5 °C threshold: A global roadmap, Part 1 – How agrifood systems transformation through accelerated climate actions will help achieving food security and nutrition, today and tomorrow, In brief. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc9113en

19 GIEC (Groupe d’experts intergouvernemental sur l’évolution du climat). 1–34. Summary for policymakers. Dans: Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Genève (Suisse). https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_SYR_SPM.pdf

20 OMM (Organisation météorologique mondiale). 2024. WMO confirms that 2023 smashes global temperature record. Dans: OMM. [Consulté le 2 mai 2024]. https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/wmo-confirms-2023-smashes-global-temperature-record

21 Ebrahimzadeh, C. 2024. Dutch Disease: Wealth Managed Unwisely. Dans: FMI. [Consulté le 2 mai 2024]. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fandd/issues/Series/Back-to-Basics/Dutch-Disease

22 McKinley, T. 2005. Why is ’the Dutch disease’ always a disease? The macroeconomic consequences of scaling up ODA. Working Paper 10. New York (États-Unis), PNUD. https://www.ipc-undp.org/pub/IPCWorkingPaper10.pdf

23 Mary, S., Saravia-Matus, S. et Gomez y Paloma, S. 2018. Does nutrition-sensitive aid reduce the prevalence of undernourishment? Food Policy, 74: 100-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2017.11.008

24 Crivelli, E., Gupta, S., Muthoora, P. S. et Benedek, D. 2012. Foreign aid and revenue: Still a crowding out effect? Washington, FMI. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2016/12/31/Foreign-Aid-and-Revenue-Still-a-Crowding-Out-Effect-26085

25 Morrissey, O. 2015. Aid and government fiscal behavior: Assessing recent evidence. Dans: World Development, 69: 98-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.12.008

26 Mawejje, J. et Sebudde, R. K. 2019. Tax revenue potential and effort: Worldwide estimates using a new dataset. Economic Analysis and Policy, 63: 119-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2019.05.005

27 Ajaz, T. et Ahmad, E. 2010. The effect of corruption and governance on tax revenues. Dans: The Pakistan Development Review, 49(4): 405-417. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41428665

28 McNabb, K., Danquah, M. et Tagem, A. M. E. 2021. Tax effort revisited: New estimates from the Government Revenue Dataset. WIDER Document de travail no 2021/170. Helsinki, UNU-WIDER (Université des Nations Unies - Institut mondial de recherche sur les aspects économiques du développement). https://doi.org/10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2021/110-5

29 Ullah, S., Luo, R., Ali, K. et Irfan, M. 2023. How does the sectoral composition of FDI induce economic growth in developing countries? The key role of business regulations. Dans: Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 36(2): 2129406. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2022.2129406

30 Dhahri, S. et Omri, A. 2020. Does foreign capital really matter for the host country agricultural production? Evidence from developing countries. Dans: Review of World Economics, 156(1): 153-181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10290-019-00361-2

31 ONU. Non daté. Chapter III.A Domestic public resources. Dans: Financing for Sustainable Development Report 2023. p. 35-57. New York (États-Unis). https://desapublications.un.org/sites/default/files/publications/2023-04/FSDR_2023_ChptIIIA.pdf

32 Christensen, C. M., Ojomo, E. et Dillon, K. 2019. Cracking Frontier Markets. Dans: Harvard Business Review. [Consulté le 26 avril 2024]. https://hbr.org/2019/01/cracking-frontier-markets

33 Dalberg Global Development Advisors. 2014. Innovative financing for development: Scalable business models that produce economic, social, and environmental outcomes. https://www.citigroup.com/rcs/citigpa/akpublic/storage/public/innovative_financing_for_development.pdf

34 Zoubek, S., Lateef, A., Carrasco Azzini, G. et Holleman, C. (à paraître). Reorientation, innovation and the global architecture for food security and nutrition financing – Document d’information établi pour servir de base au rapport sur L’État de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition dans le monde 2024. Document de travail de la FAO sur l’économie du développement agricole. Rome, FAO.

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