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3 FAO, Fonds international de développement agricole (FIDA), Organisation mondiale de la Santé (OMS), Programme alimentaire mondial (PAM) et Fonds des Nations Unies pour l’enfance (UNICEF). 2020. L’État de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition dans le monde 2020. Transformer les systèmes alimentaires pour une alimentation saine et abordable. FAO, Rome. https://www.fao.org/publications/card/en/c/CA9692FR.

4 Laborde Debucquet, D., Gautam, M., Martin, W., Pineiro, V. et Vos, R. 2021. Repurposing agricultural policy support for climate change mitigation and adaptation. Task Force 2: Climate Change, Sustainable Energy & Environment (Sommet 2021 du G20, Italie). Document d’orientation, septembre 2021. www.t20italy.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/TF2-4.pdf.

5 FAO. 2022. Situation alimentaire mondiale. Consulté le 5 mai 2022. Rome. https://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/fr/.

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7 Kugler, M., Viollaz, M., Duque, D., Gaddis, I., Newhouse, D.L., Palacios-Lopez, A. et Weber, M. 2021. How did the Covid-19 crisis affect different types of workers in the developing world? Jobs Working Paper No. 60. Banque mondiale, Washington (États-Unis d’Amérique). https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/35950.

8 Sánchez-Páramo, C., Hill, R., Gerszon Mahler, D., Narayan, A. et Yonzan, N. 2021. L’augmentation de la pauvreté et le creusement des inégalités sont les autres séquelles de la COVID-19. Dans: Banque mondiale, Blogs. Banque mondiale, Washington (États-Unis d'Amérique). Consulté le 5 mai 2022. https://blogs.worldbank.org/fr/voices/laugmentation-de-la-pauvrete-et-le-creusement-des-inegalites-sont-les-autres-sequelles-de-la.

9 Narayan, A., Cojocaru, A., Agrawal, S., Bundervoet, T., Davalos, M., Garcia, N., Lakner, C. et al. 2022. COVID-19 and economic inequality: short-term impacts with long-term consequences. Policy Research Working Papers No. 9902. Banque mondiale, Washington (États-Unis d’Amérique) http://hdl.handle.net/10986/36848.

10 Yonzan, N., Lakner, C., Mahler, D.G. et Gerszon Mahler, D. 2021. Is COVID-19 increasing global inequality? Dans: Banque mondiale, Blogs. Banque mondiale, Washington (États-Unis d’Amérique). Consulté le 5 mai 2022. https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/covid-19-increasing-global-inequality.

11 Gerszon Mahler, D., Yonzan, N., Lakner, C., Castaneda Aguilar, R.A. et Wu, H. 2021. Updated estimates of the impact of COVID-19 on global poverty: Turning the corner on the pandemic in 2021? Dans: Banque mondiale, Blogs. Banque mondiale, Washington (États-Unis d’Amérique). Consulté le 5 mai 2022. https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/updated-estimates-impact-covid-19-global-poverty-turning-corner-pandemic-2021.

12 Gentilini, U., Almenfi, M., Iyengar, H.T.M.M., Okamura, Y.Y., Downes, J.A., Dale, P., Weber, M. et al. 2022. Social protection and jobs responses to COVID-19: a real-time review of country measures. “Living paper” version 16 (2 février 2022). Banque mondiale, Washington (États-Unis d’Amérique). https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/110221643895832724/pdf/Social-Protection-and-Jobs-Responses-to-COVID-19-A-Real-Time-Review-of-Country-Measures.pdf.

13 Oxfam International. 2020. Shelter from the storm: the global need for universal social protection in times of COVID-19. Oxford (Royaume-Uni). https://doi.org/10.21201/2020.7048.

14 Beazley, R., Marzi, M. et Steller, R. 2021. Drivers of timely and large-scale cash responses to COVID-19: what does the data say? SPACE (Social Protection Approaches to COVID-19: Expert Advice), DAI Global UK Ltd, Royaume-Uni. https://socialprotection.org/sites/default/files/publications_files/SPACE_Drivers of Timely and Large Scale Cash Responses to COVID_19 %281%29.pdf.

15 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PAM et UNICEF. 2021. L’État de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition dans le monde 2021. Transformer les systèmes alimentaires pour que la sécurité alimentaire, une meilleure nutrition et une alimentation saine et abordable soient une réalité pour tous. FAO, Rome. https://www.fao.org/publications/card/en/c/CB4474FR

16 FAO. 2022. Information Note – The importance of Ukraine and the Russian Federation for global agricultural markets and the risks associated with the current conflict. Rome. www.fao.org/3/cb9236en/cb9236en.pdf.

17 FAO. 2022. Impact du conflit russo-ukrainien sur la sécurité alimentaire mondiale et questions connexes relevant du mandat de l’Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’alimentation et l’agriculture (FAO). Cent soixante-neuvième session du Conseil de la FAO, CL169/3. Rome. www.fao.org/3/ni734fr/ni734fr.pdf.

18 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PAM et UNICEF. 2019. L’État de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition dans le monde 2019. Se prémunir contre les ralentissements et les fléchissements économiques. FAO, Rome. www.fao.org/3/ca5162fr/ca5162fr.pdf.

19 Cafiero, C., Gheri, F., Kepple, A.W., Rosero Moncayo, J. et Viviani, S. 2022. Access to food in 2021: filling data gaps. Results of twenty national surveys using the Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES). FAO, Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0721en.

20 FAO. 2020. Effets sexospécifiques de la covid-19 et mesures de politique générale équitables en matière d’agriculture, de sécurité alimentaire et de nutrition. Rome. https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca9198fr.

21 ONU-Femmes. 2020. Whose time to care? Unpaid care and domestic work during Covid-19. New York, États-Unis d’Amérique. https://data.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/inline-files/Whose-time-to-care-brief_0.pdf.

22 OMS et UNICEF. 2017. The extension of the 2025 Maternal, Infant and Young Child nutrition targets to 2030. Document de travail de l’OMS et de l’UNICEF. OMS, Genève (Suisse) et UNICEF, New York (ÉtatsUnis d’Amérique).

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24 OMS. 2013. Global action plan for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases 20132020. Genève (Suisse). https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241506236.

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26 Jornayvaz, F.R., Vollenweider, P., Bochud, M., Mooser, V., Waeber, G. et Marques-Vidal, P. 2016. «Low birth weight leads to obesity, diabetes and increased leptin levels in adults: The CoLaus study». Cardiovascular Diabetology, 15(73). http://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-016-0389-2.

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29 OMS. 2014. Cibles mondiales de nutrition 2025: note d’orientation sur la surcharge pondérale de l’enfant (WHO/NMH/NHD/14.6). Genève (Suisse). https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/255727.

30 OMS. 2020. Alimentation saine. Dans: OMS. Genève (Suisse). Consulté le 6 mai 2022. https://www.who.int/fr/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet.

31 Kinyoki, D., Osgood-Zimmerman, A.E., Bhattacharjee, N. V., Schaeffer, L.E., Lazzar-Atwood, A., Lu, D., Ewald, S.B. et al. 2021. «Anemia prevalence in women of reproductive age in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2018». Nature Medicine, 27(10): 1761–1782. www.nature.com/articles/s41591-021-01498-0.

32 Amini, H., Habibi, S., Islamoglu, A.H., Isanejad, E., Uz, C. et Daniyari, H. 2021. «COVID-19 pandemic-induced physical inactivity: the necessity of updating the Global Action Plan on Physical Activity 2018-2030». Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 26(32). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-021-00955-z.

33 Banque mondiale. 2022. World Bank country and lending groups. Dans: Banque mondiale. Washington (États-Unis d'Amérique). Consulté le 5 mai 2022. https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups

34 Osendarp, S., Verburg, G., Bhutta, Z., Black, R.E., de Pee, S., Fabrizio, C., Headey, D. et al. 2022. «Act now before Ukraine war plunges millions into malnutrition». Nature, 604(7907): 620–624. www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-01076-5.

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37 Banque mondiale et Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques et démographiques (INSEED). 2020. Socio Economic Impacts of COVID-19 in Chad. Bulletin No. 1 – July 2020. N’Djamena, INSEED.

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42 Banque mondiale, OMS et UNICEF. 2021. UNICEF/WHO/World Bank: Joint child malnutrition estimates - Levels and trends: key findings of the 2021 edition. data.unicef.org/resources/jme-report-2021.

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