IFADUNICEFWFPWHO
CHAPITRE 1

1 FAO. 2017. La situation mondiale de l’alimentation et de l’agriculture 2017. Mettre les systèmes alimentaires au service d’une transformation rurale inclusive. www.fao.org/3/I7658f/I7658f.pdf.

2 Cattaneo, A., Adukia, A., Brown, D.L., Christiaensen, L., Evans, D.K., Haakenstad, A., McMenomy, T. et al. 2022. Economic and social development along the urban–rural continuum: new opportunities to inform policy. World Development, 157: 105941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105941.

3 DESA (Département des affaires économiques et sociales du Secrétariat de l’ONU). 2018. World Urbanization Prospects 2018. Dans: Nations Unies. [Consulté le 9 mai 2023] https://population.un.org/wup.

4 DESA. 2022. World Population Prospects 2022. Dans: Nations Unies. [Consulté le 9 mai 2023] https://population.un.org/wpp.

5 Tefft, J., Jonasova, M., Adjao, R. et Morgan, A. 2018. Food systems for an urbanizing world. Rome, Banque mondiale et FAO. www.fao.org/3/i8346en/i8346en.pdf.

CHAPITRE 2

1 FAO. 2023. Défis liés à la sécurité alimentaire mondiale et principales causes: conflits et guerres en Ukraine et dans d’autres pays, ralentissements et fléchissements, et changement climatique. Conseil, Cent soixante-douzième session, Rome, 24-28 avril 2023. CL 172/5. Rome. www.fao.org/3/nl652fr/nl652fr.pdf.

2 FSIN (Réseau d’information sur la sécurité alimentaire) et Réseau mondial contre les crises alimentaires. 2023. Global Report on Food Crises (GRFC) 2023. Rome. www.fsinplatform.org/global-report-food-crises-2023.

3 FMI (Fonds monétaire international). 2023. World Economic Outlook (WEO) database, avril 2023. Dans: FMI. [Consulté le 10 mai 2023] www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/download-entire-database.

4 FAO. 2023. FAOSTAT: Cultures et produits animaux. Dans: FAO. [Consulté le 18 mai 2023] www.fao.org/faostat/fr/#data/TCL.

5 FAO. 2023. Indice FAO des prix des produits alimentaires. Dans: FAO | Situation alimentaire mondiale. [Consulté le 4 mai 2023] www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/foodpricesindex/fr/.

6 Schmidhuber, J. et Qiao, B. 2022. Global food import bill set to increase at a slower pace in 2022, nevertheless to another record level. Dans: FAO, ed. Food Outlook – Biannual Report on Global Food Markets, November 2022, pp. 76-78. Rome. www.fao.org/3/cc2864en/cc2864en_indicator_1.pdf.

7 FAO. 2022. Food Outlook – Biannual Report on Global Food Markets. November 2022. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc2864en.

8 Banque mondiale. 2023. Global Economic Prospects, January 2023. Washington. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/38030.

9 OIT (Organisation internationale du Travail). 2023. World Employment and Social Outlook. Trends 2023. Genève (Suisse). www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---inst/documents/publication/wcms_865387.pdf.

10 Banque mondiale. 2022. Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2022. Correcting course. Washington. www.worldbank.org/en/publication/poverty-and-shared-prosperity.

11 Banque mondiale. 2023. Macro Poverty Outlook for sub-Saharan Africa. Country-by-country analysis and projections for the developing world. Annual Meetings 2023. Washington. www.worldbank.org/en/publication/macro-poverty-outlook/mpo_ssa.

12 Banque mondiale. 2023. Macro Poverty Outlook for Middle East and North Africa. Country-by-country analysis and projections for the developing world. Annual Meetings 2023. Washington. www.worldbank.org/en/publication/macro-poverty-outlook/mpo_mena.

13 Banque mondiale. 2023. Macro Poverty Outlook for South Asia. Country-by-country analysis and projections for the developing world. Annual Meetings 2023. Washington. www.worldbank.org/en/publication/macro-poverty-outlook/mpo_sar.

14 Banque mondiale. 2023. Macro Poverty Outlook for Latin America and the Caribbean. Country-by-country analysis and projections for the developing world. Annual Meetings 2023. Washington. www.worldbank.org/en/publication/macro-poverty-outlook/mpo_lac.

15 FMI. 2019. World Economic Outlook (WEO) database, October 2019. Dans: FMI. [Consulté le 10 mai 2023] www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2019/October.

16 FMI. 2021. World Economic Outlook (WEO) database, October 2021. Dans: FMI. [Consulté le 10 mai 2023] www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October.

17 Banque mondiale, FAO, OCDE (Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques), ONU-Habitat (Programme des Nations Unies pour les établissements humains) et Union européenne. 2021. Applying the Degree of Urbanisation. A methodological manual to define cities, towns and rural areas for international comparisons. 2021 edition. Luxembourg, Office des publications de l’Union européenne. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3859598/15348338/KS-02-20-499-EN-N.pdf.

18 FAO. 2020. Effets sexospécifiques de la covid-19 et mesures de politique générale équitables en matière d’agriculture, de sécurité alimentaire et de nutrition. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9198fr.

19 ONU-Femmes. 2020. Whose time to care? Unpaid care and domestic work during COVID-19. New York (États-Unis). https://data.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/inline-files/Whose-time-to-care-brief_0.pdf.

20 Mane, E., Macchioni, G.A., Cafiero, C. et Viviani, S. (à paraître). Why are women more food insecure than men? Exploring socio-economic drivers and the role of COVID-19 in widening the global gender gap. Document d’information établi pour servir de base à La situation des femmes dans les systèmes agroalimentaires 2023. Rome, FAO.

21 FAO. 2023. La situation des femmes dans les systèmes agroalimentaires. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc5343en.

22 FAO et OMS. 2020. Régimes alimentaires sains et durables – Principes directeurs. Rome. www.fao.org/3/ca6640fr/ca6640fr.pdf.

23 OMS. 2020. Healthy diet. Dans: OMS. [Consulté le 10 mai 2023] www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet.

24 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PAM et UNICEF. 2019. L’État de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition dans le monde 2019. Se prémunir contre les ralentissements et les fléchissements économiques. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/CA5162FR.

25 FAO. 2023. FAOSTAT: Coût et abordabilité d’une alimentation saine (CoAHD). Dans: FAO. [Consulté le 10 mai 2023] www.fao.org/faostat/fr/#data/CAHD.

26 Banque mondiale. 2023. Poverty and Inequality Platform (PIP). Dans: Banque mondiale. [Consulté le 10 mai 2023] https://pip.worldbank.org.

27 DESA. 2021. World Economic Situation and Prospects 2021. New York (États-Unis), Nations Unies. www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/publication/world-economic-situation-and-prospects-2021.

28 Banque mondiale. 2022. Macro Poverty Outlook. Country-by-country analysis and projections for the developing world. Annual Meetings 2022. Washington. www.worldbank.org/en/publication/macro-poverty-outlook.

29 Banque asiatique de développement. 2020. The economic impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on developing Asia. ADB briefs No 128. Manille. https://dx.doi.org/10.22617/BRF200096.

30 FMI. 2021. World Economic Outlook, October 2021: Recovery during a pandemic. Health concerns, supply disruptions, and price pressures. Washington. www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2021/10/12/world-economic-outlook-october-2021.

31 FMI. 2023. World Economic Outlook. A rocky recovery. Washington. www.imf.org/-/media/Files/Publications/WEO/2023/avril/English/text.ashx.

32 Grosso, G., Mateo, A., Rangelov, N., Buzeti, T. et Birt, C. au nom de la division de l’alimentation et de la nutrition de l’Association européenne de santé publique. 2020. Nutrition in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals. European Journal of Public Health, 30(Supplement_1): i19-i23. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa034.

33 OMS et UNICEF. 2004. Low birthweight: country, regional and global estimates. Genève (Suisse) et New York (États-Unis). https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43184.

34 Jornayvaz, F.R., Vollenweider, P., Bochud, M., Mooser, V., Waeber, G. et Marques-Vidal, P. 2016. Low birth weight leads to obesity, diabetes and increased leptin levels in adults: the CoLaus study. Cardiovascular Diabetology, 15: 73. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-016-0389-2.

35 OMS. 2023. Breastfeeding. Dans: OMS. [Consulté le 18 mai 2023] www.who.int/health-topics/breastfeeding.

36 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PAM et UNICEF. 2020. L’État de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition dans le monde 2020. Transformer les systèmes alimentaires pour une alimentation saine et abordable. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9692fr.

37 Bhutta, Z.A., Berkley, J.A., Bandsma, R.H.J., Kerac, M., Trehan, I. et Briend, A. 2017. Severe childhood malnutrition. Nature reviews. Disease primers, 3: 17067. https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrdp.2017.67.

38 Johnston, R., Dhamija, G., Kapoor, M., Agrawal, P.K. et Wagt, A. de. 2021. Methods for assessing seasonal and annual trends in wasting in Indian surveys (NFHS-3, 4, RSOC & CNNS). PLOS ONE, 16(11): e0260301. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260301.

39 FAO et Tufts University. 2019. Twin peaks: the seasonality of acute malnutrition, conflict and environmental factors in Chad, South Sudan and the Sudan. Rome, FAO. www.fao.org/3/ca6984en/ca6984en.pdf.

40 OMS. 2021. Obésité et surpoids. Dans: OMS. [Consulté le 10 mai 2023] www.who.int/fr/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight.

41 Okunogbe, A., Nugent, R., Spencer, G., Powis, J., Ralston, J. et Wilding, J. 2022. Economic impacts of overweight and obesity: current and future estimates for 161 countries. BMJ Global Health, 7(9): e009773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009773.

42 UNICEF. 1981. The International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes. Genève (Suisse).

43 OMS. 2023. Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) tools. Dans: OMS | Nutrition and Food Safety. [Consulté le 18 mai 2023] www.who.int/teams/nutrition-and-food-safety/food-and-nutrition-actions-in-health-systems/ten-steps-to-successful-breastfeeding.

44 FAO, HCR ( Haut-Commissariat des Nations Unies pour les réfugiés), OMS, PAM et UNICEF. 2023. Global Action Plan on Child Wasting. [Consulté le 18 mai 2023] www.childwasting.org.

45 OMS. 2016. Report of the commission on ending childhood obesity. Genève (Suisse). https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/906889/retrieve.

46 UNICEF. 2007. Technical note: how to calculate average annual rate of reduction (AARR) of underweight prevalence. Dans: UNICEF. [Consulté le 10 mai 2023] https://data.unicef.org/resources/technical-note-calculate-average-annual-rate-reduction-aarr-underweight-prevalence.

47 Kothari, M.T., Abderrahim, N., Coile, A. et Cheng, Y. 2014. Nutritional Status of Women and Children: a 2014 update on nutritional status by sociodemographic and water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) indicators collected in Demographic and Health Surveys. DHS Nutritional Reports No 6. Rockville (États-Unis), ICF International. https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/NUT6/NUT6.pdf.

48 Masters, W.A. 2016. The economic causes of malnutrition. Dans: M. Eggersdorfer, K. Kraemer, J.B. Cordaro, J. Fanzo, M. Gibney, E. Kennedy et A. Labrique (dir. pub.). Good Nutrition. Perspectives for the 21st century, pp. 92-104. Cambridge (Royaume-Uni), Karger. https://doi.org/10.1159/000452378.

49 UNICEF. 2022. Child food poverty: a nutrition crisis in early childhood. New York (États-Unis). https://data.unicef.org/resources/child-food-poverty.

50 UNICEF. 2020. UNICEF conceptual framework on maternal and child nutrition. New York (États-Unis). www.unicef.org/documents/conceptual-framework-nutrition.

51 Popkin, B.M. 2004. The nutrition transition: an overview of world patterns of change. Nutrition Reviews, 62(7 Pt 2): S140-143. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00084.x.

52 NCD-RisC (NCD Risk Factor Collaboration). 2019. Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults. Nature, 569: 260-264. www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1171-x.

53 Reardon, T., Tschirley, D., Liverpool-Tasie, L.S.O., Awokuse, T., Fanzo, J., Minten, B., Vos, R. et al. 2021. The processed food revolution in African food systems and the double burden of malnutrition. Global Food Security, 28: 100466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100466.

54 Popkin, B.M. et Ng, S.W. 2022. The nutrition transition to a stage of high obesity and noncommunicable disease prevalence dominated by ultra-processed foods is not inevitable. Obesity Reviews, 23(1): e13366. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13366.

CHAPITRE 3

1 DESA. 2022. World Population Prospects 2022. Dans: Nations Unies. [Consulté le 9 mai 2023] https://population.un.org/wpp.

2 Christiaensen, L. et Martin, W. 2018. Agriculture, structural transformation and poverty reduction: eight new insights. World Development, 109: 413-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.05.027.

3 FAO. 2017. La situation mondiale de l’alimentation et de l’agriculture. Mettre les systèmes alimentaires au service d’une transformation rurale inclusive. Rome. www.fao.org/3/I7658f/I7658f.pdf.

4 Johnston, B.F. et Kilby, P. 1975. Agriculture and structural transformation: economic strategies in late-developing countries. Londres, Oxford University Press.

5 Timmer, C.P. 2009. A world without agriculture. The structural transformation in historical perspective. Washington, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.

6 Davis, J.C. et Henderson, J.V. 2003. Evidence on the political economy of the urbanization process. Journal of Urban Economics, 53(1): 98-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-1190(02)00504-1.

7 FIDA. 2016. Cadre stratégique du FIDA 2016-2025. Favoriser une transformation inclusive et durable du monde rural. Rome. www.ifad.org/documents/38714170/40237917/ifad_sf_f.pdf/c582330a-b9d6-a453-12a6-b3227e4e560d?t=1601890290000.

8 Castells-Quintana, D. et Wenban-Smith, H. 2020. Population dynamics, urbanisation without growth, and the rise of megacities. The Journal of Development Studies, 56(9): 1663-1682. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2019.1702160.

9 Jedwab, R. et Vollrath, D. 2015. Urbanization without growth in historical perspective. Explorations in Economic History, 58: 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eeh.2015.09.002.

10 ScienceDirect. 2023. Out-migration. Dans: ScienceDirect Topics. [Consulté le 9 mai 2023] www.sciencedirect.com/topics/social-sciences/out-migration.

11 Adger, W.N., Arnell, N.W., Black, R., Dercon, S., Geddes, A. et Thomas, D.S.G. 2015. Focus on environmental risks and migration: causes and consequences. Environmental Research Letters, 10(6): 060201. https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/6/060201.

12 Selod, H. et Shilpi, F. 2021. Rural-urban migration in developing countries: lessons from the literature. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 91: 103713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2021.103713.

13 Turok, I. et McGranahan, G. 2013. Urbanization and economic growth: the arguments and evidence for Africa and Asia. Environment and Urbanization, 25(2): 465-482. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247813490908.

14 Tschirley, D., Haggblade, S. et Reardon, T. (dir. pub.). 2014. Africa’s emerging food system transformation – Eastern and Southern Africa. East Lansing (États-Unis), GCFSI (Global Center for Food Systems Innovation). https://gcfsi.isp.msu.edu/files/7214/6229/3434/w1.pdf.

15 Jayne, T.S., Chamberlin, J., Traub, L., Sitko, N., Muyanga, M., Yeboah, F.K., Anseeuw, W. et al. 2016. Africa’s changing farm size distribution patterns: the rise of medium-scale farms. Agricultural Economics, 47(S1): 197-214. https://doi-org.fao.idm.oclc.org/10.1111/agec.12308.

16 Mueller, V., Sheriff, G., Dou, X. et Gray, C. 2020. Temporary migration and climate variation in eastern Africa. World Development, 126: 104704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104704.

17 FAO, FIDA, OIM (Organisation internationale pour les migrations) et PAM. 2018. The linkages between migration, agriculture, food security and rural development. Rome. www.fao.org/3/CA0922EN/CA0922EN.pdf.

18 de Bruin, S. et Holleman, C. 2023. Urbanization is transforming agrifood systems across the rural–urban continuum creating challenges and opportunities to access affordable healthy diets. Document d’information établi pour servir de base à L’État de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition dans le monde 2023. Document de travail de la FAO sur l’économie du développement agricole 23-08. Rome, FAO.

19 Mortreux, C., de Campos, R.S. et Adger, W.N. 2018. Mobility, displacement and migration, and their interactions with vulnerability and adaptation to environmental risks. Routledge Handbook of Environmental Displacement and Migration, pp. 29-41. Londres, Routledge.

20 Afifi, T. 2011. Economic or environmental migration? The push factors in Niger. International Migration, 49(s1): e95-e124. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2010.00644.x.

21 Adams, H. 2016. Why populations persist: mobility, place attachment and climate change. Population and Environment, 37(4): 429-448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-015-0246-3.

22 Penning-Rowsell, E.C., Sultana, P. et Thompson, P.M. 2013. The ‘last resort’? Population movement in response to climate-related hazards in Bangladesh. Environmental Science & Policy, 27: S44-S59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2012.03.009.

23 EUROSTAT (Office statistique de l’Union européenne). 2000. Glossary on demographic statistics, 2000 edition. Luxembourg, Commission européenne.

24 Regassa, N. et Stoecker, B.J. 2012. Household food insecurity and hunger among households in Sidama district, southern Ethiopia. Public Health Nutrition, 15(7): 1276-1283. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980011003119.

25 Tegegne, A.D. et Penker, M. 2016. Determinants of rural out-migration in Ethiopia: who stays and who goes? Demographic Research, 35(34): 1011-1044. https://dx.doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2016.35.34.

26 HCR. 2019. Global Trends – Forced displacement in 2018. Genève (Suisse). www.unhcr.org/media/unhcr-global-trends-2018.

27 HCR. 2020. Global Trends – Forced displacement in 2019. Genève (Suisse). www.unhcr.org/media/unhcr-global-trends-2019.

28 Cattaneo, A., Adukia, A., Brown, D.L., Christiaensen, L., Evans, D.K., Haakenstad, A., McMenomy, T. et al. 2022. Economic and social development along the urban–rural continuum: new opportunities to inform policy. World Development, 157: 105941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105941.

29 Forster, T. et Mattheisen, E. 2016. Territorial food systems: protecting the rural and localizing human rights accountability. Right to Food and Nutrition Watch. Keeping seeds in people’s hands, pp. 38-44. Watch Consortium. www.brot-fuer-die-welt.de/fileadmin/mediapool/2_Downloads/Right_to_food_and_nutrition_Watch_2016_ENG_WEB.pdf.

30 Bailey, C., Jensen, L. et Ransom, E. 2014. Rural America in a globalizing world: problems and prospects for the 2010s. Morgantown (États-Unis), West Virginia University Press. http://wvupressonline.com/node/538.

31 Love, H. et Loh, T.H. 2020. The ‘rural-urban divide’ furthers myths about race and poverty—concealing effective policy solutions. Dans: Brookings. [Consulté le 24 mai 2023] www.brookings.edu/blog/the-avenue/2020/12/08/the-rural-urban-divide-furthers-myths-about-race-and-poverty-concealing-effective-policy-solutions.

32 van Huijstee, J., van Bemmel, B., Bouwman, A. et van Rijn, F. 2018. Towards an urban preview: modelling future urban growth with 2UP. La Haye (Royaume des Pays-Bas), PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. www.pbl.nl/en/publications/towards-an-urban-preview.

33 DESA. 2022. Methodology of the United Nations Population Estimates and Projections. Dans: World Population Prospects 2022. [Consulté le 18 mai 2023] https://population.un.org/wpp/Methodology.

34 OCDE et Sahel and West Africa Club. 2020. Africa’s Urbanisation Dynamics 2020. Africapolis, mapping a new urban geography. Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/b6bccb81-en.

35 Nations Unies. 2022. UN Statistical Commission 2022 - Progress on implementation of the global urban and rural definitions. Dans: Share Your Green Design. [Consulté le 9 mai 2023] www.shareyourgreendesign.com/events/un-statistical-commission-2022-progress-on-implementation-of-the-global-urban-and-rural-definitions.

36 Commission européenne. 2020. The degree of urbanisation, a new global definition of cities, urban and rural areas. Dans: Commission européenne | GHSL - Global Human Settlement Layer. [Consulté le 9 mai 2023] https://ghsl.jrc.ec.europa.eu/degurba.php.

37 Banque mondiale, FAO, OCDE, ONU-Habitat et Union européenne. 2021. Applying the Degree of Urbanisation. A methodological manual to define cities, towns and rural areas for international comparisons. 2021 edition. Luxembourg, Office des publications de l’Union européenne. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3859598/15348338/KS-02-20-499-EN-N.pdf.

38 Cattaneo, A., Nelson, A. et McMenomy, T. 2021. Global mapping of urban–rural catchment areas reveals unequal access to services. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(2): e2011990118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2011990118.

39 Commission européenne. 2023. Download the data produced by the GHSL. Dans: Commission européenne | GHSL - Global Human Settlement Layer. [Consulté le 9 mai 2023] https://ghsl.jrc.ec.europa.eu/download.php?ds=smod.

40 de Bruin, S. et Dengerink, J. 2020. The impact of urbanisation on food systems in West and East Africa. Opportunities to improve rurual livelihoods. La Haye (Royaume des Pays-Bas), PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. www.pbl.nl/sites/default/files/downloads/pbl-2020-the-impact-of-urbanisation-on-food-systems-4090.pdf.

41 McConville, J. 2014. Chapter 1: The peri-urban context. Peri-Urban Sanitation and Water Service Provision Report. Challenges and opportunities for developing countries, pp. 1-4. Stockholm, Stockholm Environment Institute. www.jstor.com/stable/resrep00480.4.

42 Dupont, V. 2005. Peri-urban dynamics: population, habitat and environment on the peripheries of large Indian metropolises – An Introduction. Peri-urban dynamics: population, habitat and environment on the peripheries of large Indian metropolises. A review of concepts and general issues. CSH occasional paper No 14. New Delhi, Centre de Sciences Humaines.

43 Munro, G. 2022. Secondary cities are vital for Africa’s future – and their citizens know best how to improve them. Dans: Forum économique mondial. [Consulté le 10 mai 2023] www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/06/africa-secondary-cities-infrastructure.

44 Cities Alliance et BAfD (Banque africaine de développement). 2022. The dynamics of systems of secondary cities series in Africa: urbanisation, migration and development. Brussels and Abidjan. www.citiesalliance.org/resources/publications/book/dynamics-systems-secondary-cities-africa.

45 Allen, T., Heinrigs, P. et Heo, I. 2018. Agriculture, food and jobs in West Africa. West African Papers. Paris, OCDE. https://doi.org/10.1787/dc152bc0-en

46 Dorosh, P. et Thurlow, J. 2013. Agriculture and small towns in Africa. Agricultural Economics, 44(4-5): 449-459. https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12027.

47 de Bruin, S., Dengerink, J. et van Vliet, J. 2021. Urbanisation as driver of food system transformation and opportunities for rural livelihoods. Food Security, 13(4): 781-798. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-021-01182-8.

48 Christiaensen, L., De Weerdt, J. et Todo, Y. 2013. Urbanization and poverty reduction: the role of rural diversification and secondary towns. Agricultural Economics, 44(4-5): 435-447. https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12028.

49 Gibson, J., Datt, G., Murgai, R. et Ravallion, M. 2017. For India’s rural poor, growing towns matter more than growing cities. World Development, 98: 413-429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.05.014.

50 Imai, K.S., Gaiha, R. et Garbero, A. 2018. Poverty reduction during the rural–urban transformation: rural development is still more important than urbanisation. IFAD Research Series 22. Rome, FIDA. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0161893817301059.

51 Agergaard, J., Tacoli, C., Steel, G. et Ørtenblad, S.B. 2019. Revisiting rural–urban transformations and small town development in sub-Saharan Africa. The European Journal of Development Research, 31(1): 2-11. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41287-018-0182-z.

52 Dolislager, M.J., Liverpool-Tasie, L.S.O., Mason, N.M., Reardon, T. et Tschirley, D. 2022. Consumption of healthy and unhealthy foods by the African poor: evidence from Nigeria, Tanzania, and Uganda. Agricultural Economics, 53(6): 870-894. https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12738.

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153 Russell, S. 2014. Everything you need to know about agricultural emissions. Dans: WRI (Institut des ressources mondiales). [Consulté le 24 mai 2023] www.wri.org/insights/everything-you-need-know-about-agricultural-emissions.

154 WRI, WBCSD (Conseil mondial des entreprises pour le développement durable) et Protocole des gaz à effet de serre. Non daté. GHG Protocol Agricultural Guidance. Interpreting the corporate accounting and reporting standard for the agricultural sector. https://ghgprotocol.org/sites/default/files/2022-12/GHG%20Protocol%20Agricultural%20Guidance%20%28%2026%29_0.pdf.

155 Radwan, T.M., Blackburn, G.A., Whyatt, J.D. et Atkinson, P.M. 2019. Dramatic loss of agricultural land due to urban expansion threatens food security in the Nile Delta, Egypt. Remote Sensing, 11(3): 332. www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/3/332.

156 Lowder, S.K., Skoet, J. et Raney, T. 2016. The number, size, and distribution of farms, smallholder farms, and family farms worldwide. World Development, 87: 16-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.10.041.

157 Vilar-Compte, M., Burrola-Méndez, S., Lozano-Marrufo, A., Ferré-Eguiluz, I., Flores, D., Gaitán-Rossi, P., Teruel, G. et al. 2021. Urban poverty and nutrition challenges associated with accessibility to a healthy diet: a global systematic literature review. International Journal for Equity in Health, 20(1): 40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-020-01330-0.

158 Hawkes, C., Harris, J. et Gillespie, S. 2017. Changing diets: urbanization and the nutrition transition. Dans: IFPRI. 2017 Global Food Policy Report, pp. 34-41. Washington, IFPRI. https://doi.org/10.2499/9780896292529_04.

159 Pingali, P., Aiyar, A., Abraham, M. et Rahman, A. 2019. Diet diversity and the declining importance of staple grains. Dans: P. Pingali, A. Aiyar, M. Abraham et A. Rahman (dir. pub.). Transforming Food Systems for a Rising India, pp. 73-91. Palgrave Studies in Agricultural Economics and Food Policy. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14409-8_4.

160 Srour, B., Kordahi, M.C., Bonazzi, E., Deschasaux-Tanguy, M., Touvier, M. et Chassaing, B. 2022. Ultra-processed foods and human health: from epidemiological evidence to mechanistic insights. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 7(12): 1128-1140. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00169-8.

161 Valicente, V.M., Peng, C.-H., Pacheco, K.N., Lin, L., Kielb, E.I., Dawoodani, E., Abdollahi, A. et al. 2023. Ultraprocessed foods and obesity risk: a critical review of reported mechanisms. Advances in Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advnut.2023.04.006.

162 Szabo, S. 2016. Urbanisation and food insecurity risks: assessing the role of human development. Oxford Development Studies, 44(1): 28-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2015.1067292.

163 Sohel, Md.S., Hossain, B., Sarker, Md.N.I., Horaira, G.A., Sifullah, Md.K. et Rahman, Md.A. 2022. Impacts of COVID-19 induced food insecurity among informal migrants: insight from Dhaka, Bangladesh. Journal of Public Affairs, 22(S1): e2770. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/pa.2770.

164 Xu, F., Crush, J. et Zhong, T. 2023. Pathways to food insecurity: migration, hukou and COVID-19 in Nanjing, China. Population, Space and Place, 29(1): e2640. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2640.

165 Odunitan-Wayas, F.A., Alaba, O.A. et Lambert, E.V. 2021. Food insecurity and social injustice: the plight of urban poor African immigrants in South Africa during the COVID-19 crisis. Global Public Health, 16(1): 149-152. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2020.1854325.

166 Ramsey, R., Giskes, K., Turrell, G. et Gallegos, D. 2012. Food insecurity among adults residing in disadvantaged urban areas: potential health and dietary consequences. Public Health Nutrition, 15(2): 227-237. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980011001996.

167 Omidvar, N., Tabatabie, M.G., Sadeghi, R., Mohammadi, F. et Shavazi, M.J.A. 2013. Food insecurity and its sociodemographic correlates among Afghan immigrants in Iran. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, 31(3): 356-366. https://doi.org/10.3329/jhpn.v31i3.16828.

168 Chambers, E.C., Duarte, C.S. et Yang, F.M. 2009. Household instability, area poverty, and obesity in urban mothers and their children. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 20(1): 122-133. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpu.0.0110.

169 Satterthwaite, D., McGranahan, G. et Tacoli, C. 2010. Urbanization and its implications for food and farming. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 365(1554): 2809-2820. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0136.

170 Robinson, E. et Yoshida, N. 2016. Improving the nutritional quality of food markets through the informal sector: lessons from case studies in other sectors. IDS Evidence Report, 171. Brighton (Royaume-Uni), IDS (Institut sur les études du développement). https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/8959.

171 Crush, J. et Young, G. 2019. Resituating Africa’s urban informal food sector. Urban Forum, 30(4): 377-384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12132-019-09374-4.

172 Abadi, N., Techane, A., Tesfay, G., Maxwell, D. et Vaitla, B. 2018. The impact of remittances on household food security: a micro perspective from Tigray, Ethiopia. 40th edition. WIDER Working Paper 2018/40. UNU-WIDER (Université des Nations Unies). www.wider.unu.edu/node/156659.

173 Babatunde, R.O. 2018. Impact of remittances on food security and nutrition of migrants household: evidence from Nigeria. 2018 Conference, 28 juillet-2 août 2018, Vancouver (Canada). Association internationale des économistes agronomiques. https://ideas.repec.org//p/ags/iaae18/276986.html.

174 FAO. 2018. La situation mondiale de l’alimentation et de l’agriculture 2018. Migrations, agriculture et développement rural. Rome. www.fao.org/documents/card/fr/c/I9549fr.

175 Scheffran, J., Marmer, E. et Sow, P. 2012. Migration as a contribution to resilience and innovation in climate adaptation: social networks and co-development in Northwest Africa. Applied Geography, 33: 119-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.10.002.

176 Duda, I., Fasse, A. et Grote, U. 2018. Drivers of rural-urban migration and impact on food security in rural Tanzania. Food Security, 10(4): 785-798. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-018-0788-1.

177 Smith, L.C., Ruel, M.T. et Ndiaye, A. 2004. Why is child malnutrition lower in urban than rural areas? FCND discussion papers 176. IFPRI. https://ideas.repec.org//p/fpr/fcnddp/176.html.

178 Srinivasan, C.S., Zanello, G. et Shankar, B. 2013. Rural-urban disparities in child nutrition in Bangladesh and Nepal. BMC Public Health, 13(1): 581. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-581.

179 Headey, D., Bezemer, D. et Hazell, P.B. 2010. Agricultural employment trends in Asia and Africa: too fast or too slow? The World Bank Research Observer, 25(1): 57-89. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lkp028.

180 Darrouzet-Nardi, A.F. et Masters, W.A. 2017. Nutrition Smoothing: Can Proximity to Towns and Cities Protect Rural Children against Seasonal Variation in Agroclimatic Conditions at Birth? PloS One, 12(1): e0168759. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168759.

181 Mulmi, P., Block, S.A., Shively, G.E. et Masters, W.A. 2016. Climatic conditions and child height: sex-specific vulnerability and the protective effects of sanitation and food markets in Nepal. Economics and Human Biology, 23: 63-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2016.07.002.

182 Hirvonen, K. et Hoddinott, J. 2014. Agricultural production and children’s diets: evidence from rural Ethiopia. Washington, IFPRI. www.ifpri.org/publication/agricultural-production-and-children%E2%80%99s-diets-evidence-rural-ethiopia.

183 Hoddinott, J., Headey, D.D. et Dereje, M. 2014. Cows, missing milk markets and nutrition in rural Ethiopia. Washington, IFPRI. www.ifpri.org/publication/cows-missing-milk-markets-and-nutrition-rural-ethiopia.

184 Sibhatu, K.T. et Qaim, M. 2017. Rural food security, subsistence agriculture, and seasonality. PLOS ONE, 12(10): e0186406. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186406.

185 Headey, D., Stifel, D., You, L. et Guo, Z. 2018. Remoteness, urbanization, and child nutrition in sub-Saharan Africa. Agricultural Economics, 49(6): 765-775. https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12458.

186 Casari, S., Di Paola, M., Banci, E., Diallo, S., Scarallo, L., Renzo, S., Gori, A. et al. 2022. Changing dietary habits: the impact of urbanization and rising socio-economic status in families from Burkina Faso in sub-Saharan Africa. Nutrients, 14(9): 1782. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091782.

CHAPITRE 4

1 de Bruin, S., Dengerink, J. et van Vliet, J. 2021. Urbanisation as driver of food system transformation and opportunities for rural livelihoods. Food Security, 13(4): 781-798. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-021-01182-8.

2 de Bruin, S. et Dengerink, J. 2020. The impact of urbanisation on food systems in West and East Africa. Opportunities to improve rurual livelihoods. La Haye (Royaume des Pays-Bas), PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency. www.pbl.nl/sites/default/files/downloads/pbl-2020-the-impact-of-urbanisation-on-food-systems-4090.pdf.

3 Tabeau, A., Zeist, W., Berkhout, E., Doelman, J., Esch, S.V., Meijl, H. et Stehfest, E. 2019. Projections of African agricultural land and agri-food sector development: how much regional aggregation of Africa matter. Conference presentation at the 22nd Annual Conference on Global Economic Analysis, Varsovie (Pologne), 19-21 juin 2019. www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Projections-of-African-agricultural-land-and-sector-Tabeau-Zeist/ba110001183a51736c791312f95a9bf0b442b582.

4 van Ittersum, M.K., van Bussel, L.G.J., Wolf, J., Grassini, P., van Wart, J., Guilpart, N., Claessens, L. et al. 2016. Can sub-Saharan Africa feed itself? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(52): 14964-14969. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1610359113.

5 de Bruin, S. et Holleman, C. 2023. Urbanization is transforming agrifood systems across the rural–urban continuum creating challenges and opportunities to access affordable healthy diets. Document d’information établi pour servir de base à L’État de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition dans le monde 2023. Document de travail de la FAO sur l’économie du développement agricole 23-08. Rome, FAO.

6 Monteiro, C.A., Cannon, G., Levy, R.B., Moubarac, J.-C., Louzada, M.L., Rauber, F., Khandpur, N. et al. 2019. Ultra-processed foods: what they are and how to identify them. Public Health Nutrition, 22(5): 936-941. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980018003762.

7 Monteiro, C., Cannon, G., Jaime, P., Canella, D., Louzada, M.L., Calixto, G., Machado, P. et al. 2016. Food classification. Public health NOVA. The star shines bright. World Nutrition, 7(1-3): 28-38. https://worldnutritionjournal.org/index.php/wn/article/view/5/4.

8 Bennett, M.K. 1941. International contrasts in food consumption. Geographical Review, 31(3): 365-376. https://doi.org/10.2307/210172.

9 Reardon, T., Tschirley, D., Minten, B., Haggblade, S., Liverpool-Tasie, L.S.O., Dolislager, M.J., Snyder, J. et al. 2015. Chapter 4: Transformation of African agrifood systems in the new era of rapid urbanization and the emergence of a middle class. Dans: O. Badiane & T. Makombe (dir. pub.). Beyond a middle income Africa: Transforming African economies for sustained growth with rising employment and incomes, pp. 1-16. ReSAKSS Annual Trends and Outlook Report 2014. Washington, IFPRI. www.ifpri.org/publication/transformation-african-agrifood-systems-new-era-rapid-urbanization-and-emergence-middle.

10 Reardon, T., Tschirley, D.L., Snyder, J., Hu, C. et White, S. 2014. Urbanization, diet change, and transformation of food supply chains in Asia. East Lansing (États-Unis), Michigan State University.

11 International Trade Administration. 2022. Ethiopia - Country Commercial Guide. Dans: International Trade Administration. [Consulté le 26 mai 2023] www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/ethiopia-roads-railways-and-logistics.

12 Dolislager, M.J., Reardon, T., Arslan, A., Fox, L., Liverpool-Tasie, L.S.O., Sauer, C. et Tschirley, D.L. 2021. Youth and adult agrifood system employment in developing regions: rural (peri-urban to hinterland) vs. urban. The Journal of Development Studies, 57(4): 571-593. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2020.1808198.

13 Popkin, B.M. et Reardon, T. 2018. Obesity and the food system transformation in Latin America. Obesity Reviews, 19(8): 1028-1064. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12694.

14 Reardon, T., Tschirley, D., Liverpool-Tasie, L.S.O., Awokuse, T., Fanzo, J., Minten, B., Vos, R. et al. 2021. The processed food revolution in African food systems and the double burden of malnutrition. Global Food Security, 28: 100466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100466.

15 Reardon, T., Echeverria, R., Berdegué, J., Minten, B., Liverpool-Tasie, L.S.O., Tschirley, D. et Zilberman, D. 2019. Rapid transformation of food systems in developing regions: highlighting the role of agricultural research & innovations. Agricultural Systems, 172: 47-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2018.01.022.

16 Reardon, T., Timmer, C.P., Barrett, C.B. et Berdegué, J. 2003. The rise of supermarkets in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 85(5): 1140-1146. www.jstor.org/stable/1244885.

17 Sauer, C.M., Reardon, T., Tschirley, D., Liverpool-Tasie, L.S.O., Awokuse, T., Alphonce, R., Ndyetabula, D. et al. 2021. Consumption of processed food & food away from home in big cities, small towns, and rural areas of Tanzania. Agricultural Economics, 52(5): 749-770. https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12652.

18 Stage, J., Stage, J. et Mcgranahan, G. 2010. Is urbanization contributing to higher food prices? Environment and Urbanization, 22(1): 199-215. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247809359644.

19 Faye, N.F., Fall, T., Reardon, T., Theriault, V., Ngom, Y., Barry, M.B. et Sy, M.R. 2023. Consumption of fruits and vegetables by types and sources across urban and rural Senegal. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies (à paraître). https://doi.org/10.1108/JADEE-05-2022-0090.

20 GBD 2019 Risk Factors Collaborators. 2020. Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet, 396(10258): 1223-1249. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30752-2.

21 Raghunathan, K., Headey, D. et Herforth, A. 2021. Affordability of nutritious diets in rural India. Food Policy, 99: 101982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2020.101982.

22 Headey, D.D. et Alderman, H.H. 2019. The relative caloric prices of healthy and unhealthy foods differ systematically across income levels and continents. The Journal of Nutrition, 149(11): 2020-2033. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxz158.

23 PAM. 2022. Fill the Nutrient Gap: Guinea-Bissau. Summary report. Rome. https://docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000140034/download.

24 Moszoro, M. et Soto, M. 2022. Road Quality and Mean Speed Score. Document de travail n° 2022/095. Washington, FMI. www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2022/05/20/Road-Quality-and-Mean-Speed-Score-518200.

25 Latino, L.R., Pica-Ciamarra, U. et Wisser, D. 2020. Africa: The livestock revolution urbanizes. Global Food Security, 26: 100399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100399.

26 Banque mondiale, FAO, OCDE , ONU-Habitat et Union européenne. 2021. Applying the Degree of Urbanisation. A methodological manual to define cities, towns and rural areas for international comparisons. 2021 edition. Luxembourg, Office des publications de l’Union européenne. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3859598/15348338/KS-02-20-499-EN-N.pdf.

27 Dolislager, M.J., Holleman, C., Liverpool-Tasie, L.S.O. et Reardon, T. 2023. Analysis of food demand and supply across the rural–urban continuum for selected countries in Africa. Document d’information établi pour servir de base à L’État de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition dans le monde 2023. Document de travail de la FAO sur l’économie du développement agricole 23-09. Rome, FAO.

CHAPITRE 5

1 Moustier, P., Holdsworth, M., Anh, D.T., Seck, P.A., Renting, H., Caron, P. et Bricas, N. 2023. The diverse and complementary components of urban food systems in the Global South: characterization and policy implications. Global Food Security, 36: 100663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2022.100663.

2 Reardon, T. 2015. The hidden middle: the quiet revolution in the midstream of agrifood value chains in developing countries. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 31(1): 45-63. www.jstor.org/stable/43664670.

3 Christiaensen, L. et Todo, Y. 2014. Poverty reduction during the rural–urban transformation – The role of the missing middle. World Development, 63: 43-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.10.002.

4 Sonnino, R., Marsden, T. et Moragues-Faus, A. 2016. Relationalities and convergences in food security narratives: towards a place-based approach. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 41(4): 477-489. https://doi.org/10.1111/tran.12137.

5 FAO. 2017. La situation mondiale de l’alimentation et de l’agriculture. Mettre les systèmes alimentaires au service d’une transformation rurale inclusive. Rome. www.fao.org/3/I7658FR/i7658fr.pdf.

6 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PAM et UNICEF. 2020. L’État de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition dans le monde 2020. Transformer les systèmes alimentaires pour une alimentation saine et abordable. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9692fr.

7 Barrett, C.B., Benton, T., Fanzo, J., Herrero, M., Nelson, R.J., Bageant, E., Buckler, E. et al. 2022. Socio-technical innovation bundles for agri-food systems transformation. Sustainable Development Goals Series. Cham (Suisse), Éditions Springer International. https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-88802-2.

8 Fears, R. et Canales, C. 2023. The role of science, technology and innovation in transforming food systems globally. Dans: J. von Braun, K. Afsana, L.O. Fresco & M.H.A. Hassan (dir. pub.). Science and Innovations for Food Systems Transformation, pp. 831-847. Cham (Suisse), Éditions Springer International. https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-15703-5_44.

9 Mercandalli, S., Girard, P., Dione, B. et Michel, S. 2023. Assessing rural-urban linkages and their contribution to territorial development: insights from Zimbabwe’s small and medium-sized cities. Sustainability, 15(7): 6223. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15076223.

10 FAO. 2022. Assessment of retail food environments and green spaces for healthy cities – Methodological guidance based on the experiences in Dar es Salaam, Lima, Tunis. Rome, FAO. www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/cc0191en.

11 Spires, M., Berggreen-Clausen, A., Kasujja, F.X., Delobelle, P., Puoane, T., Sanders, D. et Daivadanam, M. 2020. Snapshots of urban and rural food environments: EPOCH-based mapping in a high-, middle-, and low-income country from a non-communicable disease perspective. Nutrients, 12(2): 484. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020484.

12 Nguyen, T., Pham Thi Mai, H., van den Berg, M., Huynh Thi Thanh, T. et Béné, C. 2021. Interactions between food environment and (un)healthy consumption: evidence along a rural-urban transect in Viet Nam. Agriculture, 11(8): 789. www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/11/8/789.

13 Balineau, G., Bauer, A., Kessler, M. et Madariaga, N. 2021. Food systems in Africa: rethinking the role of markets. Africa Development Forum Series. Paris et Washington, AFD (Agence Française de Développement) et Banque mondiale. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/e4ee2280-2f08-5c24-98f1-1b81745bf267/content.

14 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PAM et UNICEF. 2022. L’État de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition dans le monde 2022. Réorienter les politiques alimentaires et agricoles pour rendre l’alimentation saine plus abordable. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0639fr.

15 City of Mandurah. 2021. Advertising in road reserves policy. Council policy, POL-RDS 08. Mandurah (Australie). www.mandurah.wa.gov.au/-/media/files/com/downloads/council/governance/policies/roads/advertising-in-road-reserves-policy.pdf.

16 Maire de Londres. 2018. Mayor confirms ban on junk food advertising on transport network. Dans: Mayor of London. [Consulté le 10 mai 2023] www.london.gov.uk/press-releases/mayoral/ban-on-junk-food-advertising-on-transport-network-0.

17 Yau, A., Berger, N., Law, C., Cornelsen, L., Greener, R., Adams, J., Boyland, E.J. et al. 2022. Changes in household food and drink purchases following restrictions on the advertisement of high fat, salt, and sugar products across the transport for London network: a controlled interrupted time series analysis. PLOS Medicine, 19(2): e1003915. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003915.

18 OMS. 2023. Global database on the Implementation of Nutrition Action (GINA). Dans: OMS. [Consulté le 23 mai 2023] https://extranet.who.int/nutrition/gina/en/home.

19 OMS. 2022. Fiscal policies to promote healthy diets: policy brief. Genève (Suisse). www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240049543.

20 Liu, S., Veugelers, P.J., Liu, C. et Ohinmaa, A. 2022. The cost effectiveness of taxation of sugary foods and beverages: a systematic review of economic evaluations. Applied Health Economics and Health Policy, 20(2): 185-198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40258-021-00685-x.

21 OMS. 2022. Nutrition labelling: policy brief. Genève (Suisse). www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240051324.

22 OMS. 2022. Protecting children from the harmful impact of food marketing: policy brief. Genève (Suisse). www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240051348.

23 Barrett, M., Crozier, S., Lewis, D., Godfrey, K., Robinson, S., Cooper, C., Inskip, H. et al. 2017. Greater access to healthy food outlets in the home and school environment is associated with better dietary quality in young children. Public Health Nutrition, 20(18): 3316-3325. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980017002075.

24 CDC (Centres pour le contrôle et la prévention des maladies). 2014. Healthier food retail: an action guide for public health practitioners. Atlanta (États-Unis), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpao/state-local-programs/pdf/Healthier-Food-Retail-guide-full.pdf.

25 NYCEDC (New York City Economic Development Corporation). 2023. Food Retail Expansion to Support Health (FRESH). Dans: NYCEDC. [Consulté le 16 mai 2023] https://edc.nyc/program/food-retail-expansion-support-health-fresh.

26 Local Government Association. 2015. Tipping the scales: case studies on the use of planning powers to restrict hot food takeaways. Londres. www.local.gov.uk/sites/default/files/documents/L15-427%20Tipping%20the%20scales%20WEB.pdf.

27 Moyles, P. 2018. No fry zone opening statement to joint Oireachtas Committee Children and Youth Affairs. Dans: Houses of the Oireachtas open data APIs. [Consulté le 16 mai 2023] https://data.oireachtas.ie/ie/oireachtas/committee/dail/32/joint_committee_on_children_and_youth_affairs/submissions/2018/2018-05-30_opening-statement-mr-phillip-moyles-chairperson-no-fry-zone-4-kids_en.pdf.

28 Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. 2008. Special act on safety control of children’s dietary life. Act No 12391. Cheongju (République de Corée).

29 Ministry of Housing and Local Government of Malaysia. 2012. Pekeliling KSU Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan: garis panduan penguatkuasaan larangan penjualan makanan dan minuman di luar pagar sekolah oleh pihak berkuasa tempatan. [KSU Circular of the Ministry of Housing and Local Government: guidelines for the enforcement of the prohibition on the sale of food and beverages outside school fences by local authorities]. Putrajaya (Malaisie). www.moh.gov.my/index.php/database_stores/store_view_page/31/230.

30 Community Health Councils. 2017. Fast food restaurant policy in a food desert: a health impact assessment. Los Angeles (États-Unis). www.pewtrusts.org/-/media/assets/external-sites/health-impact-project/chc_fastfood_hia_2017_final.pdf.

31 Reinbott, A., Schelling, A., Kuchenbecker, J., Jeremias, T., Russell, I., Kevanna, O., Krawinkel, M.B. et al. 2016. Nutrition education linked to agricultural interventions improved child dietary diversity in rural Cambodia. British Journal of Nutrition, 116(8): 1457-1468. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114516003433.

32 Kumar, N., Nguyen, P.H., Harris, J., Harvey, D., Rawat, R. et Ruel, M.T. 2018. What it takes: evidence from a nutrition- and gender-sensitive agriculture intervention in rural Zambia. Journal of Development Effectiveness, 10(3): 341-372. https://doi.org/10.1080/19439342.2018.1478874.

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245 OMS. 2017. Safeguarding against possible conflicts of interest in nutrition programmes. Draft approach for the prevention and management of conflicts of interest in the policy development and implementation of nutrition programmes at country level. Genève (Suisse). https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/274165/B142_23-en.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.

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ANNEXES

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