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31 Eigenraam, M., Jekums, A., Mcleod, R., Obst, C. & Sharma, K. 2020. Applying the TEEBAgriFood Evaluation Framework: Overarching Implementation Guidance. Global Alliance for the Future of Food. https://futureoffood.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/GA_TEEBAgriFood_Guidance.pdf
32 Riemer, O., Mairaj Shah, T.M. & Müller, A. 2023. The role of true cost accounting in guiding agrifood businesses and investments towards sustainability – Background paper for The State of Food and Agriculture 2023. FAO Agricultural Development Economics Working Paper, No. 23-13. Rome, FAO.
33 Lord, S. 2023. Hidden costs of agrifood systems and recent trends from 2016 to 2023 – Background paper for The State of Food and Agriculture 2023. FAO Agricultural Development Economics Technical Study, No. 31. Rome, FAO.
34 McConnell, A. 2015. What is policy failure? A primer to help navigate the maze. Public Policy and Administration, 30(3–4): 221–242. https://doi.org/10.1177/0952076714565416
35 Ansell, C., Sørensen, E. & Torfing, J. 2017. Improving policy implementation through collaborative policymaking. Policy & Politics, 45(3): 467–486. https://doi.org/10.1332/030557317X14972799760260
36 منظمة الأغذية والزراعة للأمم المتحدة (المنظمة) والصندوق الدولي للتنمية الزراعية ومنظمة الأمم المتحدة للطفولة (اليونيسف) وبرنامج الأغذية العالمي ومنظمة الصحة العالمية. 2022. حالة الأمن الغذائي والتغذية في العالم 2022. إعادة توجيه السياسات الغذائية والزراعية لزيادة القدرة على تحمل كلفة الأنماط الغذائية الصحية. روما، منظمة الأغذية والزراعة. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0639ar
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43 UNEP, TEEB, Capitals Coalition & GAFF (Global Alliance for the Future of Food). 2021. True Cost Accounting For Food Systems: Redefining Value To Transform Decision-Making. Technical Briefing Note. https://teebweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/TechnicalBriefingNote.pdf
الفصل 1
1 Davis, B., Mane, E., Gurbuzer, L.Y., Caivano, G., Piedrahita, N., Schneider, K., Azhar, N وآخرون. 2023. Estimating global and country-level employment in agrifood systems. FAO Statistics Working Paper Series, No. 23-34. Rome, FAO. https://www.fao.org/3/cc4337en/cc4337en.pdf
2 منظمة الأغذية والزراعة. 2022. حالة الأغذية والزراعة في العالم 2022. الاستفادة من الأتمتة في الزراعة لتحويل النُظم الزراعية والغذائية. روما. https://www.fao.org/3/cb9479ar/cb9479ar.pdf
3 Kraak, V.I., Swinburn, B., Lawrence, M. & Harrison, P. 2014. An accountability framework to promote healthy food environments. Public Health Nutrition, 17(11): 2467–2483. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980014000093
4 فريق الخبراء الرفيع المستوى المعني بالأمن الغذائي والتغذية. 2017. التغذية والنظم الغذائية. تقرير صادر عن فريق الخبراء الرفيع المستوى المعني بالأمن الغذائي والتغذية التابع للجنة الأمن الغذائي العالمي. روما. www.fao.org/3/i7846ar/i7846ar.pdf
5 اللجنة الدائمة للتغذية التابعة للأمم المتحدة. 2016. تقييم أثر سياسات دعم بيئات الأغذية الصحية والنُظم الغذئية الصحية – تنفيذ إطار العمل المنبثق عن المؤتمر الدولي الثاني المعني بالتغذية. روما. https://www.unscn.org/uploads/web/news/document/UNSCN-Impact-Assessment-DP-AR.pdf
6 Capitals Coalition. n.d. The Capitals Approach. في: Capitals Coalition. [ورد ذكره في 8 ديسمبر/كانون الأول 2022]. https://capitalscoalition.org/capitals-approach
7 منظمة الأغذية والزراعة والصندوق الدولي للتنمية الزراعيّة واليونيسف وبرنامج الأغذية العالمي ومنظمة الصحة العالميّة. 2022. حالة الأمن الغذائي والتغذية في العالم 2022. إعادة توجيه السياسات الغذائية والزراعية لزيادة القدرة على تحمل كلفة الأنماط الغذائية الصحية. روما، منظمة الأغذية والزراعة. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0639ar
8 Ewert, B. & Loer, K. 2021. Advancing behavioural public policies: in pursuit of a more comprehensive concept. Policy and Politics, 49(1): 25–47. https://doi.org/10.1332/030557320X15907721287475
9 Cesareo, M., Sorgente, A., Labra, M., Palestini, P., Sarcinelli, B., Rossetti, M., Lanz, M وآخرون. 2022. The effectiveness of nudging interventions to promote healthy eating choices: A systematic review and an intervention among Italian university students. Appetite, 168: 105662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2021.105662
10 Elwin, P., Amadi, E., Mitchell, E. & Hunter, P. 2023. Financial markets roadmap for transforming the global food system. في: Planet Tracker. https://planet-tracker.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Financial-Markets-Roadmap-for-transforming-the-Global-Food-System.pdf
11 Riemer, O., Mairaj Shah, T.M. & Müller, A. 2023. The role of true cost accounting in guiding agrifood businesses and investments towards sustainability – Background paper for The State of Food and Agriculture 2023. FAO Agricultural Development Economics Working Paper, No. 23-13. Rome, FAO.
12 Meybeck, A. & FAO, eds. 2014. Voluntary Standards for Sustainable Food Systems: Challenges and Opportunities – A Workshop of the FAO/UNEP Programme on Sustainable Food Systems. Rome, FAO. https://www.fao.org/3/i3421e/i3421e.pdf
13 Pernechele, V., Fontes, F., Baborska, R., Nkuingoua, J., Pan, X. & Tuyishime, C. 2021. Public expenditure on food and agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa – Trends, challenges and priorities. Rome, FAO. https://www.fao.org/3/cb4492en/cb4492en.pdf
14 TEEB. 2018. TEEB for Agriculture & Food: Scientific and Economic Foundations. Geneva, Switzerland, UN Environment. https://teebweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Foundations_Report_Final_October.pdf
15 Gemmill-Herren, B., Baker, L.E. & Daniels, P.A., eds. 2021. True cost accounting for food – Balancing the scale. London, New York, Routledge.
16 Gravelle, H. & Rees, R. 2004. Microeconomics. Third edition. Harlow, UK, Financial Times/Prentice Hall.
17 Rocha, C. 2007. Food Insecurity as Market Failure: A Contribution from Economics. Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition, 1(4): 5–22. https://doi.org/10.1300/J477v01n04_02
18 Mateo-Sagasta, J., Marjani Zadeh, S. & Turral, H., eds. 2018. More people, more food, worse water? A global review of water pollution from agriculture. Rome and Colombo, FAO and IWMI (International Water Management Institute). www.fao.org/3/ca0146en/CA0146EN.pdf
19 Markandya, A. 2023. Accounting for the hidden costs of agrifood systems in data-scarce contexts – Background paper for The State of Food and Agriculture 2023. FAO Agricultural Development Economics Working Paper, No. 23-12. Rome, FAO.
20 Kerr, W.A. & Hobbs, J.E. 2022. Is the quest to eat healthy a route to enhancing consumer’s food security? Agriculture & Food Security, 11(1): 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-021-00340-7
21 Musgrave, R.A. 1987. Merit goods. Vol. 3. The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics.
22 Cabral L.M.B. 2017. Introduction to industrial organization. Second edition. Cambridge, USA, The MIT Press.
23 De Castro, P., Adinolfi, F., Capitanio, F. & Di Falco, S. 2011. Building a New Framework for the Common Agricultural Policy: A Responsibility Towards the Overall Community. EuroChoices, 10(1): 32–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-692X.2010.00171.x
24 Acheson, J. 2000. Varieties of Institutional Failure. Keynote Address for the Meetings of the International Association for the Study of Common Property Resources, 3 June 2000, Bloomington, Indiana, USA. https://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/bitstream/handle/10535/577/iascpkeynote.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
25 McConnell, A. 2015. What is policy failure? A primer to help navigate the maze. Public Policy and Administration, 30(3–4): 221–242. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0952076714565416
26 FAO. 2022. Thinking about the future of food safety – A foresight report. Rome. http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/cb8667en
27 Transparency International. من دون تاريخ. ?What is corruption في: Transparency International. [ورد ذكره في 21 يوليو/تموز 2023]. https://www.transparency.org/en/what-is-corruption
28 Transparency International & FAO. 2011. Corruption in the Land Sector. Working Paper, No. 04/2011. Rome, FAO. https://www.fao.org/3/am943e/am943e00.pdf
29 Nawaz, F. 2008. Corruption in land administration/land management in Kosovo. Bergen, Norway, U4 and Transparency International. https://www.u4.no/publications/corruption-in-land-administration-land-management-in-kosovo.pdf
30 Hudson, B., Hunter, D. & Peckham, S. 2019. Policy failure and the policy-implementation gap: can policy support programs help? Policy Design and Practice, 2(1): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/25741292.2018.1540378
31 Norris, E., Kidson, M., Bouchal, P. & Rutter, J. 2014. Doing them Justice: Lessons from four cases of policy implementation. London, Institute for Government. https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/Policy%20Implementation%20case%20studies%20report%20-%20final.pdf
32 Gibson, C. 1999. Politicians and Poachers: The Political Economy of Wildlife Policy in Africa. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
33 Ansell, C., Sørensen, E. & Torfing, J. 2017. Improving policy implementation through collaborative policymaking. Policy & Politics, 45(3): 467–486. https://doi.org/10.1332/030557317X14972799760260
34 Sumaila, U.R., Pierruci, A., Oyinlola, M.A., Cannas, R., Froese, R., Glaser, S., Jacquet, J وآخرون. 2022. Aquaculture over-optimism? Frontiers in Marine Science, 9: 984354. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.984354
35 منظمة الأغذية والزراعة والصندوق الدولي للتنمية الزراعيّة واليونيسف وبرنامج الأغذية العالمي ومنظمة الصحة العالميّة. 2023. حالة الأمن الغذائي والتغذية في العالم 2023. التوسع الحضري وتحويل النُظم الزراعية والغذائية والأنماط الغذائية الصحية عبر التسلسل الريفي الحضري المتصل. روما، منظمة الأغذية والزراعة. https://www.fao.org/3/CC7724AR/CC7724AR.pdf
36 Wolter, M. 2022. Sustainable food systems need True Cost Accounting. Rural 21, 19 December 2022. https://www.rural21.com/fileadmin/downloads/2022/en-04/rural2022_04-S09-10.pdf
37 de Adelhart Toorop, R., van Veen, B., Verdonk, L. & Schmiedler, B. 2023. True cost accounting applications for agrifood systems policymakers – Background paper for The State of Food and Agriculture 2023. FAO Agricultural Development Economics Working Paper, No. 23-11. Rome, FAO.
38 Lord, S. & Ingram, J.S.I. 2021. Measures of equity for multi-capital accounting. Nature Food, 2(9): 646–654. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-021-00336-3
39 Roe, D., Seddon, N. & Elliott, J. 2019. Biodiversity loss is a development issue. A rapid review of the evidence. Issue paper, April 2019. International Institute for Development. https://www.iied.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/migrate/17636IIED.pdf
40 Füssel, H.-M. 2010. How inequitable is the global distribution of responsibility, capability, and vulnerability to climate change: A comprehensive indicator-based assessment. Global Environmental Change, 20(4): 597–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.07.009
41 Perez-Escamilla, R., Bermudez, O., Buccini, G.S., Kumanyika, S., Lutter, C.K., Monsivais, P. & Victora, C. 2018. Nutrition disparities and the global burden of malnutrition. BMJ, 361: k2252. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k2252
42 Rosa, L., Chiarelli, D.D., Rulli, M.C., Dell’Angelo, J. & D’Odorico, P. 2020. Global agricultural economic water scarcity. Science Advances, 6(18): eaaz6031. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aaz6031
43 منظمة الأغذية والزراعة. 2020. حالة الأغذية والزراعة 2020. التغلّب على تحديات المياه في الزراعة. روما. https://www.fao.org/3/cb1447ar/cb1447ar.pdf
44 Rockefeller Foundation. 2021. True Cost of Food – Measuring What Matters to Transform the U.S. Food System. New York, USA. https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/True-Cost-of-Food-Full-Report-Final.pdf
45 Lord, S. 2022. Incurred and avoided external costs from the removal of agricultural trade barriers and farm sector subsidies. Background Report for the Food System Economic Commission. Oxford, UK, Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford.
46 Lord, S. 2020. Valuing the impact of food: Towards practical and comparable monetary valuation of food system impacts. Oxford, UK, FoodSIVI. https://foodsivi.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Valuing-the-impact-of-food-Report_Foodsivi.pdf
47 David-Benz, H., Sirdey, N., Deshons, A., Orbell, C. & Herlant, C. 2022. Catalysing the sustainable and inclusive transformation of food systems – Conceptual framework and method for national and territorial assessments. Rome, FAO, Brussels, European Union and Montpellier, France, CIRAD. https://www.fao.org/3/cb8603en/cb8603en.pdf
48 UNEP, TEEB, Capitals Coalition & GAFF. 2021. True Cost Accounting For Food Systems: Redefining Value To Transform Decision-Making. Technical Briefing Note. https://teebweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/TechnicalBriefingNote.pdf
49 Cambridge Dictionary. Materiality. في: Cambridge Dictionary. [ورد ذكره في 19 مايو/أيار 2023]. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/materiality
50 Impact Institute. 2023. The current field of true cost accounting: An analysis of the similarities and differences of True Cost Accounting frameworks. TCA Accelerator. https://tcaaccelerator.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/The-Current-Field-of-True-Cost-Accounting-Final.pdf
51 Capitals Coalition. 2023. TEEB for agriculture and food: operational guidelines for business. Putting nature and people at the centre of food system transformation. https://capitalscoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/TEEB-for-Agriculture-and-Food-Operational-Guidelines-for-Business.pdf
الفصل 2
1 Lord, S. 2023. Hidden costs of agrifood systems and recent trends from 2016 to 2023 – Background paper for The State of Food and Agriculture 2023. FAO Agricultural Development Economics Technical Study, No. 31. Rome, FAO.
2 FAO. 2014. Food wastage footprint – Full-cost accounting. Final report. Rome. https://www.fao.org/3/i3991e/i3991e.pdf
3 TEEB. 2015. TEEB for Agriculture & Food: an interim report. Geneva, Switzerland, UNEP. https://www.teebweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/TEEBAgFood_Interim_Report_2015_web.pdf
4 Food System Economics Commission. 2023. Food, Planet, Health: Moving towards healthy, inclusive, and nature-positive food systems. [ورد ذكره في 23 مايو/أيار 2023]. https://foodsystemeconomics.org
5 منظمة الأغذية والزراعة. 2021. تقرير مجلس منظمة الأغذية الزراعة. الدورة السادسة والستون بعد المائة. 26 أبريل/نيسان – 1 مايو/أيار 2021. الوثيقة CL 166/REP. https://www.fao.org/3/nf693ar/nf693ar.pdf
6 منظمة الأغذية والزراعة. 2022. حالة الغابات في العالم 2022. المسارات الحرجية لتحقيق التعافي الأخضر وبناء اقتصادات شاملة وقادرة على الصمود ومستدامة. روما. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb9360ar
7 Kruid, S., Macedo, M.N., Gorelik, S.R., Walker, W., Moutinho, P., Brando, P.M., Castanho, A وآخرون. 2021. Beyond Deforestation: Carbon Emissions From Land Grabbing and Forest Degradation in the Brazilian Amazon. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 4: 645282. https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2021.645282
8 Hosonuma, N., Herold, M., De Sy, V., De Fries, R.S., Brockhaus, M., Verchot, L., Angelsen, A. & Romijn, E. 2012. An assessment of deforestation and forest degradation drivers in developing countries. Environmental Research Letters, 7(4): 044009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/044009
9 منظمة الأغذية والزراعة. 2020. التقييم العالمي لحالة الموارد الحرجية 2020. التقرير الرئيسي. روما. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9825ar
10 منظمة الأغذية والزراعة والصندوق الدولي للتنمية الزراعيّة واليونيسف وبرنامج الأغذية العالمي ومنظمة الصحة العالميّة. 2022. حالة الأمن الغذائي والتغذية في العالم 2022. إعادة توجيه السياسات الغذائية والزراعية لزيادة القدرة على تحمل كلفة الأنماط الغذائية الصحية. روما، منظمة الأغذية والزراعة. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0639ar
11 Mathers, C.D. 2020. History of global burden of disease assessment at the World Health Organization. Archives of Public Health, 78(1): 77. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-020-00458-3
12 منظمة الأغذية والزراعة والصندوق الدولي للتنمية الزراعية واليونيسف وبرنامج الأغذية العالمي ومنظمة الصحة العالمية. 2021. حالة الأمن الغذائي والتغذية في العالم لعام 2021. تحويل النظم الغذائية من أجل تحقيق الأمن الغذائي وتحسين التغذية وتوفير أنماط غذائية صحية ميسورة الكلفة للجميع. روما، منظمة الأغذية والزراعة. https://www.fao.org/3/cb4474ar/cb4474ar.pdf
13 Cattaneo, A., Sadiddin, A., Vaz, S., Conti, V., Holleman, C., Sánchez, M.V. & Torero, M. 2023. Viewpoint: Ensuring affordability of diets in the face of shocks. Food Policy, 117: 102470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2023.102470
14 منظمة الأغذية والزراعة. 2021. حالة الأغذية والزراعة 2021. زيادة قدرة النظم الزراعية والغذائية على الصمود أمام الصدمات وحالات الإجهاد. روما. https://www.fao.org/3/cb4476ar/cb4476ar.pdf
15 Jaffee, S., Henson, S., Unnevehr, L., Grace, D. & Cassou, E. 2019. The Safe Food Imperative: Accelerating Progress in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Washington, DC, World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/e018c0ed-0e18-517d-b733-cbfc90f6a371/content
16 FoodSIVI. 2023. SPIQ-FS. [ورد ذكره في 1 يونيو/حزيران 2023]. https://foodsivi.org/what-we-do/projects/spiq-food-system-v0
17 Leimbach, M., Kriegler, E., Roming, N. & Schwanitz, J. 2017. Future growth patterns of world regions – A GDP scenario approach. Global Environmental Change, 42: 215–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.02.005
18 FOLU. 2019. Growing Better: Ten Critical Transitions to Transform Food and Land Use. London. https://www.foodandlandusecoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/FOLU-GrowingBetter-GlobalReport.pdf
19 Springmann, M. 2020. Valuation of the health and climate-change benefits of healthy diets. Background paper for The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020. FAO Agricultural Development Economics Working Paper, No. 20-03. Rome, FAO.
20 Hendriks, S., de Groot Ruiz, A., Acosta, M.H., Baumers, H., Galgani, P., Mason-D’Croz, D., Godde, C وآخرون. 2023. The True Cost of Food: A Preliminary Assessment. في: J. von Braun, K. Afsana, L.O. Fresco & M.H.A. Hassan, eds. Science and Innovations for Food Systems Transformation, pp. 581–601. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15703-5_32
21 Galgani, P., Woltjer, G., de Adelhart Toorop, R., de Groot Ruiz, A. & Varoucha, E. 2021. Land use, Land use change, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: True pricing method for agri-food products. Wageningen, Kingdom of the Netherlands, Wageningen University and Research. https://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/fulltext/555581
22 Lord, S. 2021. Estimation of marginal damage costs for loss of ecosystem services from land-use change or ecosystem degradation. Documentation of the SPIQ-FS Dataset Version 0. Oxford, UK, Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford. https://foodsivi.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/SPIQ-v0-A-Marginal-Costs-3-Land-Use_DRAFT.pdf
23 WHO. 2015. WHO estimates of the global burden of foodborne diseases. Foodborne disease burden epidemiology Reference Group 2007–2015. Geneva, Switzerland. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/199350/9789241565165_eng.pdf?sequence=1
24 David-Benz, H., Sirdey, N., Deshons, A., Orbell, C. & Herlant, C. 2022. Catalysing the sustainable and inclusive transformation of food systems – Conceptual framework and method for national and territorial assessments. Rome, FAO, Brussels, European Union and Montpellier, France, CIRAD. https://www.fao.org/3/cb8603en/cb8603en.pdf
الفصل 3
1 Markandya, A. 2023. Accounting for the hidden costs of agrifood systems in data-scarce contexts – Background paper for The State of Food and Agriculture 2023. FAO Agricultural Development Economics Working Paper, No. 23-12. Rome, FAO.
2 FAO. 2021. Guidelines on data disaggregation for SDG Indicators using survey data. Rome. https://www.fao.org/3/cb3253en/cb3253en.pdf
3 FAO. 2021. The impact of disasters and crises on agriculture and food security: 2021. Rome. https://www.fao.org/3/cb3673en/cb3673en.pdf
4 Mullié, W.C., Prakash, A., Müller, A. & Lazutkaite, E. 2023. Insecticide Use against Desert Locust in the Horn of Africa 2019–2021 Reveals a Pressing Need for Change. Agronomy, 13(3): 819. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13030819
5 منظمة الأغذية والزراعة. 2022. كيف نجح الصومال في القضاء على الجراد الصحراوي باستخدام مبيدات الآفات البيولوجية. في: منظمة الأغذية والزراعة. [ورد ذكره في 26 مايو/أيار 2023]. https://www.fao.org/fao-stories/article/ar/c/1604422/
6 Sandhu, H., Regan, C., Perveen, S. & Patel, V. 2021. Methods and frameworks: the tools to assess externalities. في: B. Gemmill-Herren, L.E. Baker & P.A. Daniels, eds. True cost accounting for food – Balancing the scale, Chapter 4. London, New York, Routledge.
7 TEEBAgriFood. 2022. Indonesia. في: TEEB. [ورد ذكره في 5 مارس/آذار 2023]. https://teebweb.org/our-work/agrifood/country-implementation/eupi2019/indonesia
8 TEEB. 2018. TEEB for Agriculture & Food: Scientific and Economic Foundations. Geneva, Switzerland, UN Environment. https://teebweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Foundations_Report_Final_October.pdf
9 Pascual, U., Balvanera, P., Díaz, S., Pataki, G., Roth, E., Stenseke, M., Watson, R.T وآخرون. 2017. Valuing nature’s contributions to people: the IPBES approach. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 26–27: 7–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2016.12.006
10 de Adelhart Toorop, R., Yates, J., Watkins, M., Bernard, J. & de Groot Ruiz, A. 2021. Methodologies for true cost accounting in the food sector. Nature Food, 2(9): 655–663. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-021-00364-z
11 The Rockefeller Foundation & Center for Good Food Purchasing. 2021. True Cost of Food: School Meals Case Study. https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/True-Cost-of-Food-School-Meals-Case-Study-Full-Report-Final.pdf
12 Bandel, T., Kayatz, B., Doucet, T. & Leutner, N. 2020. Der teure Preis des Billigfleischs: Wer Fleisch konsumiert, zahlt nur einen Bruchteil der wahren Kosten – zu Lasten von Umwelt und Klima [The expensive price of cheap meat: Anyone who consumes meat only pays a fraction of the true costs – at the expense of the environment and climate]. Hamburg, Germany, Soil & More Impacts GmbH. https://www.greenpeace.de/publikationen/s03201_landwirtschaft_studie_wahre_kosten_fleisch_2020.pdf
13 Khon Kaen University. 2022. Measuring What Matters in Rice Systems: TEEBAgriFood Assessment Thailand, focus on the Northeast region. Key messages, August 2022. TEEB. https://teebweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/5-TEEBAgriFood-IKI-Key-messages.pdf
14 de Adelhart Toorop, R., van Veen, B., Verdonk, L. & Schmiedler, B. 2023. True cost accounting applications for agrifood systems policymakers – Background paper for The State of Food and Agriculture 2023. FAO Agricultural Development Economics Working Paper, No. 23-11. Rome, FAO.
15 IPBES. 2017. Scenarios. في: IPBES. [ورد ذكره في 14 أبريل/نيسان 2023]. https://www.ipbes.net/node/16146
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17 منظمة الأغذية والزراعة والصندوق الدولي للتنمية الزراعية واليونيسف وبرنامج الأغذية العالمي ومنظمة الصحة العالمية. 2020. حالة الأمن الغذائي والتغذية في العالم. تحويل النظم الغذائية من أجل أنماط غذائية صحيّة ميسورة الكلفة. روما، منظمة الأغذية والزراعة. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9692ar
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19 Wardhany, M. & Adzim, F. 2018. Determinant of Cocoa Export in Indonesia. Economics Development Analysis Journal, 7(3): 286–293. https://doi.org/10.15294/edaj.v7i3.25262
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21 Riemer, O., Mairaj Shah, T.M. & Müller, A. 2023. The role of true cost accounting in guiding agrifood businesses and investments towards sustainability – Background paper for The State of Food and Agriculture 2023. FAO Agricultural Development Economics Working Paper, No. 23-13. Rome, FAO.
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24 True Cost Initiative. 2022. True Cost Accounting Agrifood Handbook – Practical guidelines for the food and farming sector on impact measurement, valuation and reporting. https://tca2f.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/TCA_Agrifood_Handbook.pdf
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26 Impact Institute. 2020. Integrated Profit & Loss Assessment Methodology (IAM): Supplement Impact Contribution. Version 1.0. https://www.impactinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Impact-Institute-IAM-Supplement-Impact-Contribution-.pdf
27 Global Farm Metric. 2022. The Global Farm Metric Framework – Categories, sub-categories and indicators explained. https://www.globalfarmmetric.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/GFM-fwk-2023.pdf
28 True Price Foundation & Impact Economy Foundation. 2020. Principles for True Pricing. Consultation Draft. True Price Foundation. https://trueprice.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/2020-03-04-Principles-for-True-Pricing-Trueprice.org-Consultation-Draft.pdf
الفصل 4
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2 منظمة الأغذية والزراعة والصندوق الدولي للتنمية الزراعيّة واليونيسف وبرنامج الأغذية العالمي ومنظمة الصحة العالميّة. 2022. حالة الأمن الغذائي والتغذية في العالم 2022. إعادة توجيه السياسات الغذائية والزراعية لزيادة القدرة على تحمل كلفة الأنماط الغذائية الصحية. روما، منظمة الأغذية والزراعة. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0639ar
3 Rosendal, G.K. & Schei, P.J. 2014. How may REDD+ affect the practical, legal and institutional framework for ‘Payment for ecosystem services’ in Costa Rica? Ecosystem Services, 9: 75–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.04.009
4 Sales, E., Rodas, O., Valenzuela, O., Hillbrand, A. & Sabogal, C. 2016. On the way to restore Guatemala’s degraded lands: Creating governance conditions. World Development Perspectives, 4: 16–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2016.11.010
5 Benton, T., Bieg, C., Harwatt, H., Pudasaini, R. & Wellesley, L. 2021. Food system impacts on biodiversity loss. Three levers for food system transformation in support of nature. London, Chatham House. https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/2021-02/2021-02-03-food-system-biodiversity-loss-benton-et-al_0.pdf
6 OECD. 2019. Evaluating the environmental impact of agricultural policies. OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Paper, No. 130. Paris. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/agriculture-and-food/evaluating-the-environmental-impact-of-agricultural-policies_add0f27c-en
7 WTO (World Trade Organization). 2023. Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies. في: WTO. [ورد ذكره في 19 يوليو/تموز 2023]. https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/rulesneg_e/fish_e/fish_e.htm
8 Fern. 2023. What is the EU Regulation on deforestation-free products and why should you care? Brussels. https://www.fern.org/fileadmin/uploads/fern/Documents/2023/What_is_the_EU_Regulation_on_deforestation_free_products_and_why_should_you_care.pdf
9 منظمة الأغذية والزراعة. 2022. حالة الموارد السمكية وتربية الأحياء المائية في العالم 2022. نحو التحول الأزرق. روما. منظمة الأغذية والزراعة. https://www.fao.org/3/cc0461ar/cc0461ar.pdf
10 FAO, IFAD, PAHO (Pan American Health Organization), UNICEF & WFP. 2023. Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition – Latin America and the Caribbean 2022 – Towards improving affordability of healthy diets. Santiago. https://www.fao.org/3/cc3859en/cc3859en.pdf
11 Calel, R. 2013. Carbon markets: a historical overview. WIREs Climate Change, 4(2): 107–119. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.208
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20 Vittersø, G., Torjusen, H., Thorjussen, C.B., Schjøll, A. & Kjærnes, U. 2019. Survey on Public Opinion in Europe regarding contentious inputs – a report. Organic-PLUS. https://organicplusnet.files.wordpress.com/2019/11/d2.2-o-survey-on-puplic-opinion-regarding-contentious-inputs.pdf
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