El estado mundial de la agricultura y la alimentación 2022

GLOSARIO

1 Klerkx, L., Jakku, E. y Labarthe, P. 2019. A review of social science on digital agriculture, smart farming and agriculture 4.0: New contributions and a future research agenda. NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences, 90–91: 100315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.njas.2019.100315

2 Schroeder, K., Lampietti, J. y Elabed, G. 2021. What’s cooking: Digital transformation of the agrifood system. Washington D. C., Banco Mundial. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/35216

3 Birner, R., Daum, T. y Pray, C. 2021. Who drives the digital revolution in agriculture? A review of supply-side trends, players and challenges. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 43(4): 1260–1285. https://doi.org/10.1002/aepp.13145

4 Santos Valle, S. y Kienzle, J. 2020. Agricultura 4.0 – Robótica agrícola y equipos automatizados para la producción agrícola sostenible. Gestión integrada de cultivos N. 24. Roma, FAO. https://www.fao.org/3/cb2186es/CB2186ES.pdf

5 FAO. 2016. Sustainable agricultural mechanization. Nota informativa. Roma. www.fao.org/3/i6167e/i6167e.pdf

6 FAO y Comisión de la Unión Africana (CUA). 2018. Sustainable agricultural mechanization: A framework for Africa. Addis Abeba. www.fao.org/3/CA1136EN/ca1136en.pdf

7 FAO. 2021. El estado mundial de la agricultura y la alimentación 2021. Lograr que los sistemas agroalimentarios sean más resilientes a las perturbaciones y tensiones. Roma. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb4476es

8 Lowenberg-DeBoer, J. 2022. Economics of adoption for digital automated technologies in agriculture. Documento de antecedentes para El estado mundial de la agricultura y la alimentación 2022. Documento de trabajo n.º 22-10 de la División de Economía del Desarrollo Agrícola de la FAO. Roma, FAO.

9 Ceccarelli, T., Chauhan, A., Rambaldi, G., Kumar, I., Cappello, C., Janssen, S. y McCampbell, M. 2022. Leveraging automation and digitalization for precision agriculture: Evidence from the case studies. Documento de antecedentes para El estado mundial de la agricultura y la alimentación 2022. Estudio técnico de la FAO n.º 24 sobre Economía del Desarrollo Agrícola. Roma, FAO.

10 FAO. 2017. Conservation agriculture. Hoja de datos. Roma. www.fao.org/3/i7480en/I7480EN.pdf

11 Sociedad internacional de agricultura de precisión (ISPA). 2021. Precision Ag Definition. En: ISPA. Monticello, IL (Estados Unidos). [Consultado el 20 de diciembre de 2021]. www.ispag.org/about/definition

12 Lowenberg-DeBoer, J., Huang, I.Y., Grigoriadis, V. y Blackmore, S. 2020. Economics of robots and automation in field crop production. Precision Agriculture, 21(2): 278–299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-019-09667-5

13 Rose, D. 2022. Agricultural automation: the past, present and future of adoption. El estado mundial de la agricultura y la alimentación 2022, documento de antecedentes. Documento interno.

14 McCampbell, M. 2022. Agricultural digitalization and automation in low- and middle-income countries: Evidence from ten case studies. Documento de antecedentes para El estado mundial de la agricultura y la alimentación 2022. Estudio técnico de la FAO n.º 25 sobre Economía del Desarrollo Agrícola. Roma, FAO.

Capítulo 1

1 ISPA. 2021. Precision Ag Definition. En: ISPA. Monticello, IL (Estados Unidos). [Consultado el 20 de diciembre de 2021]. www.ispag.org/about/definition

2 Mazoyer, M. y Roudart, L. 2006. A history of world agriculture: From the Neolithic Age to the current crisis. Nueva York, NYU Press.

3 Pingali, P. 2007. Chapter 54 Agricultural mechanization: Adoption patterns and economic impact. En: R. Evenson y P. Pingali, (coords.). Handbook of agricultural economics, págs. 2779-2805. Amsterdam, Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0072(06)03054-4

4 Hurt, R.D. 1982. American farm tools: From hand power to steam power. Sunflower University Press. Manhattan, KS (Estados Unidos).

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6 Johnson, D.G. 2000. Population, food, and knowledge. The American Economic Review, 90(1): 1–14. www.jstor.org/stable/117278

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8 Gollin, D., Parente, S. y Rogerson, R. 2002. The role of agriculture in development. The American Economic Review, 92(2): 160–164. www.jstor.org/stable/3083394

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13 Shiva, V. 1991. The violence of the green revolution: Third World agriculture, ecology and politics. Londres, Zed Books.

14 FAO. 2016. Sustainable agricultural mechanization. Hoja de datos. Roma. www.fao.org/3/i6167e/i6167e.pdf

15 Santos Valle, S. y Kienzle, J. 2020. Agricultura 4.0 – Robótica agrícola y equipos automatizados para la producción agrícola sostenible. Gestión integrada de cultivos N. 24. Roma, FAO. https://www.fao.org/3/cb2186es/CB2186ES.pdf

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18 Trendov, N.M., Varas, S. y Zeng, M. 2019. Digital technologies in agriculture and rural areas – Status report. Roma, FAO. www.fao.org/3/ca4985en/CA4985EN.pdf

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21 Silva, J.V., Baudron, F., Reidsma, P. y Giller, K.E. 2019. Is labour a major determinant of yield gaps in sub-Saharan Africa? A study of cereal-based production systems in Southern Ethiopia. Agricultural Systems, 174: 39–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2019.04.009

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28 Daum, T. y Birner, R. 2021. The forgotten agriculture-nutrition link: farm technologies and human energy requirements. Food Security. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-021-01240-1

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50 Wiseman, L., Sanderson, J., Zhang, A. y Jakku, E. 2019. Farmers and their data: An examination of farmers’ reluctance to share their data through the lens of the laws impacting smart farming. NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences, 90–91: 100301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.njas.2019.04.007

51 Murray, U., Gebremedhin, Z., Brychkova, G. y Spillane, C. 2016. Smallholder farmers and climate smart agriculture: Technology and labor-productivity constraints amongst women smallholders in Malawi. Gender, Technology and Development, 20(2): 117–148. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971852416640639

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53 FAO. 2019. Youth employment: Youth agri-food policy assistance. Roma. www.fao.org/3/ca3854en/ca3854en.pdf

54 Manyika, J., Chui, M., Miremadi, M., Bughin, J., George, K., Willmott, P. y Dewhurst, M. 2017. A future that works: automation, employment, and productivity. Nueva York, McKinsey Global Institute. www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/featured%20insights/Digital%20Disruption/Harnessing%20automation%20for%20a%20future%20that%20works/MGI-A-future-that-works-Executive-summary.ashx

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57 Christiaensen, L., Rutledge, Z. y Taylor, J.E. 2021. Viewpoint: The future of work in agri-food. Food Policy, 99: 101963.

58 Daum, T. y Birner, R. 2020. Agricultural mechanization in Africa: Myths, realities and an emerging research agenda. Global Food Security, 26: 100393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100393

59 FAO y CUA. 2018. Sustainable agricultural mechanization: A framework for Africa. Addis Abeba. www.fao.org/3/CA1136EN/ca1136en.pdf

60 Clarke, C. 2017. Farmers in Myanmar are using 3D printing to improve farming production. En: 3D Printing Industry. [Consultado el 24 de julio de 2022]. https://3dprintingindustry.com/?s=myanmar

61 Fielke, S.J., Botha, N., Reid, J., Gray, D., Blackett, P., Park, N. y Williams, T. 2018. Lessons for co-innovation in agricultural innovation systems: a multiple case study analysis and a conceptual model. The Journal of Agricultural Education and Extension, 24(1): 9–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/1389224X.2017.1394885

62 McCampbell, M. 2022. Agricultural digitalization and automation in low- and middle-income countries: Evidence from ten case studies. Documento de antecedentes para El estado mundial de la agricultura y la alimentación 2022. Estudio técnico de la FAO n.º 25 sobre Economía del Desarrollo Agrícola. Roma, FAO.

63 Ceccarelli, T., Chauhan, A., Rambaldi, G., Kumar, I., Cappello, C., Janssen, S. y McCampbell, M. 2022. Leveraging automation and digitalization for precision agriculture: Evidence from the case studies. Documento de antecedentes para El estado mundial de la agricultura y la alimentación 2022. Estudio técnico de la FAO n.º 24 sobre Economía del Desarrollo Agrícola. Roma, FAO.

64 Daum, T. 2022. Agricultural mechanization and sustainable agri-food system transformation in the Global South. Documento de antecedentes para El estado mundial de la agricultura y la alimentación 2022. Documento de trabajo n.º 22-11 de la División de Economía del Desarrollo Agrícola de la FAO. Roma, FAO.

65 Lowenberg-DeBoer, J. 2022. Economics of adoption for digital automated technologies in agriculture. Documento de antecedentes para El estado mundial de la agricultura y la alimentación 2022. Documento de trabajo n.º 22-10 de la División de Economía del Desarrollo Agrícola de la FAO. Roma, FAO.

66 Rose, D. 2022. Agricultural automation: the past, present and future of adoption. El estado mundial de la agricultura y la alimentación 2022, documento de antecedentes. Documento interno.

Capítulo 2

1 McCampbell, M. 2022. Agricultural digitalization and automation in low- and middle-income countries: Evidence from ten case studies. Documento de antecedentes para El estado mundial de la agricultura y la alimentación 2022. Estudio técnico de la FAO n.º 25 sobre Economía del Desarrollo Agrícola. Roma, FAO.

2 Ceccarelli, T., Chauhan, A., Rambaldi, G., Kumar, I., Cappello, C., Janssen, S. y McCampbell, M. 2022. Leveraging automation and digitalization for precision agriculture: Evidence from the case studies. Documento de antecedentes para El estado mundial de la agricultura y la alimentación 2022. Estudio técnico de la FAO n.º 24 sobre Economía del Desarrollo Agrícola. Roma, FAO.

3 White, W.J. 2001. An unsung hero: the farm tractor’s contribution to twentieth-century United States economic growth. The Journal of Economic History, 61(2): 493–496. https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:cup:jechis:v:61:y:2001:i:02:p:493-496_23

4 Binswanger, H. 1986. Agricultural mechanization: a comparative historical perspective. The World Bank Research Observer, 1(1): 27–56. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/1.1.27

5 Mrema, G., Soni, P. y Rolle, R.S. 2015. A Regional Strategy for Sustainable Agricultural Mechanization. Sustainable Mechanization across Agri-Food Chains in Asia and the Pacific region. RAP Publication n.º 2014/24. Roma FAO. www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/78c1b49f-b5c2-43b5-abdf-e63bb6955f4f

6 Diao, X., Takeshima, H. y Zhang, X. 2020. An evolving paradigm of agricultural mechanization development: How much can Africa learn from Asia? Washington D. C., IFPRI (Instituto Internacional de Investigación sobre Políticas Alimentarias). https://ebrary.ifpri.org/digital/collection/p15738coll2/id/134095

7 Daum, T. y Birner, R. 2020. Agricultural mechanization in Africa: Myths, realities and an emerging research agenda. Global Food Security, 26: 100393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100393

8 Kirui, O. 2019. The agricultural mechanization in Africa: Micro-level analysis of state drivers and effects. ZEF-Discussion Papers on Development Policy n.º 272. Universidad de Bonn. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3368103

9 FAO. 2021. FAOSTAT: Series de datos y archivos suspendidos: Maquinaria. En: FAO. Roma. [Consultado el 1 de diciembre de 2021]. https://www.fao.org/faostat/es/#data/RM

10 Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), FAO e Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación para la Agricultura (IICA). 2017. Perspectivas de la agricultura y del desarrollo rural en las Américas: una mirada hacia América Latina y el Caribe 2017-2018. San José, Costa Rica, IICA. https://www.fao.org/3/i8048es/I8048ES.pdf

11 Elverdin, P., Piñeiro, V. y Robles, M. 2018. Agricultural mechanization in Latin America. Documento de debate del IFPRI n.º 1740. Washington D. C., IFPRI.

12 Cramb, R. y Thepent, V. 2020. Evolution of agricultural mechanization in Thailand. En: X. Diao, H. Takeshima y X. Zhang, (coords.). An evolving paradigm of agricultural mechanization development: How much can Africa learn from Asia? págs. 165-201. Washington D. C., IFPRI. https://ebrary.ifpri.org/utils/getfile/collection/p15738coll2/id/134091/filename/134311.pdf

13 Justice, S. y Biggs, S. 2020. The spread of smaller engines and markets in machinery services in rural areas of South Asia. Journal of Rural Studies, 73: 10–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.11.013

14 Belton, B., Win, M.T., Zhang, X. y Filipski, M. 2021. The rapid rise of agricultural mechanization in Myanmar. Food Policy, 101: 102095. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2021.102095

15 FAO y CUA. 2018. Sustainable agricultural mechanization: A framework for Africa. Addis Abeba. www.fao.org/3/CA1136EN/ca1136en.pdf

16 Pingali, P. 2007. Chapter 54 Agricultural mechanization: Adoption patterns and economic impact. En: R. Evenson y P. Pingali, (coords.). Handbook of agricultural economics, págs. 2779-2805. Amsterdam, Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0072(06)03054-4

17 Banco Mundial. 2022. Living Standards Measurement Study - Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA). En: El Banco Mundial. Washington D. C. [Consultado el 5 de enero de 2022]. https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/lsms/initiatives/lsms-ISA

18 Abeyratne, F. y Takeshima, H. 2020. The evolution of agricultural mechanization in Sri Lanka. En: X. Diao, H. Takeshima y X. Zhang, (coords.). An evolving paradigm of agricultural mechanization development: How much can Africa learn from Asia? págs. 139-163. Washington D. C., IFPRI. https://doi.org/10.2499/9780896293809_04

19 Ahmed, M. y Takeshima, H. 2020. Evolution of agricultural mechanization in Bangladesh: The case of tractors for land preparation. En: X. Diao, H. Takeshima y X. Zhang, (coords.). An evolving paradigm of agricultural mechanization development: How much can Africa learn from Asia? págs. 235-261. Washington D. C., IFPRI. https://doi.org/10.2499/9780896293809_07

20 Win, M.T., Belton, B. y Zhang, X. 2020. Myanmar’s rapid agricultural mechanization: Demand and supply evidence. En: X. Diao, H. Takeshima y X. Zhang, (coords.). An evolving paradigm of agricultural mechanization development: How much can Africa learn from Asia? págs. 263-284. Washington D. C., IFPRI. https://doi.org/10.2499/9780896293809_08

21 Bhattarai, M., Singh, G., Takeshima, H. y Shekhawat, R.S. 2020. Farm machinery use and the agricultural machinery industries in India. En: X. Diao, H. Takeshima y X. Zhang, (coords.). An evolving paradigm of agricultural mechanization development: How much can Africa learn from Asia? págs. 97-138. Washington D. C., IFPRI. https://ebrary.ifpri.org/digital/collection/p15738coll2/id/134090

22 Antle, J.M. y Ray, S. 2020. Sustainable agricultural development: An economic perspective. Palgrave Studies in Agricultural Economics and Food Policy. Cham, Springer International Publishing. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-34599-0

23 Veimar da Silva, A., Michelle da Silva, C., Wagner, Soares Pessoa, W.R.L, Almeida Vaz, M., Matos de Oliveira, K. y Ribeiro dos Santos, F.S. 2018. Agricultural mechanization in small rural properties in the State of Piauí, Brazil. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 13(33): 1698–1707. https://academicjournals.org/journal/AJAR/article-full-text-pdf/7E9E9CA58112

24 Mrema, G.C., Kahan, D.G. y Agyei-Holmes, A. 2020. Agricultural mechanization in Tanzania. En: X. Diao, H. Takeshima y X. Zhang, (coords.). An evolving paradigm of agricultural mechanization development: How much can Africa learn from Asia? págs. 457-496. Washington D. C., IFPRI. https://doi.org/10.2499/9780896293809_14

25 Takeshima, H. y Lawal, A. 2020. Evolution of agricultural mechanization in Nigeria. En: X. Diao, H. Takeshima y X. Zhang, (coords.). An evolving paradigm of agricultural mechanization development: How much can Africa learn from Asia? págs. 423-456. Washington D. C., IFPRI.

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109 Kansanga, M., Andersen, P., Kpienbaareh, D., Mason-Renton, S., Atuoye, K., Sano, Y., Antabe, R. y Luginaah, I. 2019. Traditional agriculture in transition: examining the impacts of agricultural modernization on smallholder farming in Ghana under the new Green Revolution. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, 26(1): 11–24.

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114 Kansanga, M.M., Mkandawire, P., Kuuire, V. y Luginaah, I. 2020. Agricultural mechanization, environmental degradation, and gendered livelihood implications in northern Ghana. Land Degradation and Development, 31(11): 1422–1440. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3490

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3 Kirui, O. 2019. The agricultural mechanization in Africa: Micro-level analysis of state drivers and effects. ZEF-Discussion Papers on Development Policy n.º 272. Universidad de Bonn. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3368103

4 Berhane, G., Dereje, M., Minten, B. y Tamru, S. 2017. The rapid – but from a low base – uptake of agricultural mechanization in Ethiopia: Patterns, implications and challenges. Documento de trabajo del ESSP n.º 105. Washington D. C., IFPRI y Addis Abeba, EDRI. http://ebrary.ifpri.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15738coll2/id/131146

5 Houssou, N. y Chapoto, A. 2014. The changing landscape of agriculture in Ghana: Drivers of farm mechanization and its impacts on cropland expansion and intensification. Documento de debate del IFPRI n.º 1392. Washington D. C., IFPRI. https://ebrary.ifpri.org/utils/getfile/collection/p15738coll2/id/128706/filename/128917.pdf

6 Adu-Baffour, F., Daum, T. y Birner, R. 2019. Can small farms benefit from big companies’ initiatives to promote mechanization in Africa? A case study from Zambia. Food Policy, 84: 133–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2019.03.007

7 Kansanga, M.M., Mkandawire, P., Kuuire, V. y Luginaah, I. 2020. Agricultural mechanization, environmental degradation, and gendered livelihood implications in northern Ghana. Land Degradation and Development, 31(11): 1422–1440. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3490

8 Ma, W., Renwick, A. y Grafton, Q. 2018. Farm machinery use, off-farm employment and farm performance in China. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 62(2): 279–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8489.12249

9 Daum, T., Capezzone, F. y Birner, R. 2021. Using smartphone app collected data to explore the link between mechanization and intra-household allocation of time in Zambia. Agriculture and Human Values, 38: 411–429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-020-10160-3

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12 Salvatierra-Rojas, A., Nagle, M., Gummert, M., de Bruin, T. y Müller, T. 2017. Development of an inflatable solar dryer for improved postharvest handling of paddy rice in humid climates. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 10(3): 269–282. https://ijabe.org/index.php/ijabe/article/view/2444

13 Elbehri, A. y Sadiddin, A. 2016. Climate change adaptation solutions for the green sectors of selected zones in the MENA region. Future of Food: Journal on Food, Agriculture and Society, 4(3): 39–54. www.thefutureoffoodjournal.com/index.php/FOFJ/article/view/79

14 Jayne, T.S., Mather, D. y Mghenyi, E. 2010. Principal challenges confronting smallholder agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa. World Development, 38(10): 1384–1398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.06.002

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53 Diiro, G.M., Fisher, M., Kassie, M., Muriithi, B.W. y Muricho, G. 2021. How does adoption of labor saving agricultural technologies affect intrahousehold resource allocations? The case of push-pull technology in Western Kenya. Food Policy, 102: 102114. http://oar.icrisat.org/11845/1/Impact%20of%20Push%20Pull%20Technology%20on%20Intra-Household%20Labour%20Allocation%20in%20Kenya.pdf

54 Ceccarelli, T., Chauhan, A., Rambaldi, G., Kumar, I., Cappello, C., Janssen, S. y McCampbell, M. 2022. Leveraging automation and digitalization for precision agriculture: Evidence from the case studies. Documento de antecedentes para El estado mundial de la agricultura y la alimentación 2022. Estudio técnico de la FAO n.º 24 sobre Economía del Desarrollo Agrícola. Roma, FAO.

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Capítulo 5

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2 Klerkx, L. y Rose, D. 2020. Dealing with the game-changing technologies of Agriculture 4.0: How do we manage diversity and responsibility in food system transition pathways? Global Food Security, 24: 100347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2019.100347

3 Ag-Incentives. 2022. En: Ag-Incentives. [Consultado el 4 de mayo de 2022]. http://ag-incentives.org

4 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PMA y UNICEF. 2022. El estado de la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición en el mundo 2022. Adaptación de las políticas alimentarias y agrícolas para hacer las dietas saludables más asequibles. Roma, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0639es

5 Daum, T. y Birner, R. 2017. The neglected governance challenges of agricultural mechanisation in Africa – insights from Ghana. Food Security, 9(5): 959–979. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-017-0716-9

6 Cramb, R. y Thepent, V. 2020. Evolution of agricultural mechanization in Thailand. En: X. Diao, H. Takeshima y X. Zhang, (coords.). An evolving paradigm of agricultural mechanization development: How much can Africa learn from Asia? págs. 165-201. Washington D. C., IFPRI. https://ebrary.ifpri.org/utils/getfile/collection/p15738coll2/id/134091/filename/134311.pdf

7 Justice, S. y Biggs, S. 2020. The spread of smaller engines and markets in machinery services in rural areas of South Asia. Journal of Rural Studies, 73: 10–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.11.013

8 Corporación Financiera Internacional (IFC). 2019. The market opportunity for Productive Use Leveraging Solar Energy (PULSE) in sub-Saharan Africa. Washington D. C. www.lightingglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/PULSE-Report.pdf

9 Rose, D. 2022. Agricultural automation: the past, present and future of adoption. El estado mundial de la agricultura y la alimentación 2022, documento de antecedentes. Documento interno.

10 Ministerio de Transporte y Comunicaciones, Finlandia. 2011. Communications Market Act. www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/2003/en20030393.pdf

11 Comisión Europea. 2020. Facing the challenges of broadband deployment in rural and remote areas: A handbook for project promoters and policy makers. www.byanatsforum.se/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Broadband-handbook-2020pdf.pdf

12 Van Loon, J., Woltering, L., Krupnik, T.J., Baudron, F., Boa, M. y Govaerts, B. 2020. Scaling agricultural mechanization services in smallholder farming systems: Case studies from sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Latin America. Agricultural Systems, 180: 102792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2020.102792

13 Diao, X., Takeshima, H. y Zhang, X. 2020. An evolving paradigm of agricultural mechanization development: How much can Africa learn from Asia? Washington D. C., IFPRI. https://ebrary.ifpri.org/digital/collection/p15738coll2/id/134095

14 Kwet, M. 2019. Digital colonialism is threatening the Global South. En: Aljazeera. [Consultado el 25 de julio de 2022]. www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2019/3/13/digital-colonialism-is-threatening-the-global-south

15 Ávila Pinto, R. 2018. ¿Soberanía digital o colonialismo digital?. Revista internacional de derechos humanos, 15(27): 15-27. https://sur.conectas.org/en/digital-sovereignty-or-digital-colonialism/

16 Unión Africana. 2020. The digital transformation strategy for Africa (2020-2030). Addis Abeba. https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/38507-doc-dts-english.pdf

17 Smart Africa. 2022. AgriTech blueprint for Africa. https://smart.africa/board/login/uploads/71613-continental-agritech-blueprint-eng.pdf

18 FAO y UIT. 2017. E-agriculture strategy guide: A summary. Bangkok. www.fao.org/3/i6909e/i6909e.pdf

19 Ströh de Martínez, C., Feddersen, M. y Speicher, A. 2016. Food security in sub-Saharan Africa: A fresh look on agricultural mechanisation. How adapted financial solutions can make a difference. Estudio n.º 91. Bonn (Alemania), German Development Institute. www.die-gdi.de/uploads/media/Study_91.pdf

20 Bhattarai, M., Singh, G., Takeshima, H. y Shekhawat, R.S. 2020. Farm machinery use and the agricultural machinery industries in India: Status, evolution, implications, and lessons learned. En: X. Diao, H. Takeshima y X. Zhang, (coords.). An evolving paradigm of agricultural mechanization development: How much can Africa learn from Asia? págs. 97-138. Washington D. C., IFPRI. https://ebrary.ifpri.org/digital/collection/p15738coll2/id/134090

21 FAO y CUA. 2018. Sustainable agricultural mechanization: A framework for Africa. Addis Abeba. www.fao.org/3/CA1136EN/ca1136en.pdf

22 Ceccarelli, T., Chauhan, A., Rambaldi, G., Kumar, I., Cappello, C., Janssen, S. y McCampbell, M. 2022. Leveraging automation and digitalization for precision agriculture: Evidence from the case studies. Documento de antecedentes para El estado mundial de la agricultura y la alimentación 2022. Estudio técnico de la FAO n.º 24 sobre Economía del Desarrollo Agrícola. Roma, FAO.

23 Win, M.T., Belton, B. y Zhang, X. 2020. Myanmar’s rapid agricultural mechanization: Demand and supply evidence. En: X. Diao, H. Takeshima y X. Zhang, (coords.). An evolving paradigm of agricultural mechanization development: How much can Africa learn from Asia? págs. 263-284. Washington D. C., IFPRI. https://doi.org/10.2499/9780896293809_08

24 Meyer, R. 2011. Subsidies as an instrument in agriculture finance: a review. Washington D. C., Banco Mundial. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/12696/707300ESW0P1120ies0as0an0Instrument.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

25 Houssou, N., Diao, X., Cossar, F., Kolavalli, S., Jimah, K. y Aboagye, P.O. 2013. Agricultural mechanization in Ghana: Is specialization in agricultural mechanization a viable business model? American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 95(5): 1237–1244. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aat026

26 Daum, T., Huffman, W. y Birner, R. 2018. How to create conducive institutions to enable agricultural mechanization: A comparative historical study from the United States and Germany. Economics Working Paper. Ames (Estados Unidos), Department of Economics, Iowa State University. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/econ_workingpapers/47

27 Grain Producers Australia (GPA), Tractor and Machinery Association (TMA) y Society of Precision Agriculture Australia (SPAA). 2021. Code of practice. Agricultural Mobile Field Machinery with Autonomous Functions in Australia. www.graincentral.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Code-of-Practice.pdf

28 Lowenberg-DeBoer, J., Behrendt, K., Ehlers, M.-H., Dillon, C., Gabriel, A., Huang, I.Y., Kumwenda, I. et al. 2021. Lessons to be learned in adoption of autonomous equipment for field crops. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 44(2): 848–864. https://doi.org/10.1002/aepp.13177

29 Justice, S., Flores Rojas, M. y Basnyat, M. 2022. Empowering women farmers – A mechanization catalogue for practitioners. Roma, FAO. www.fao.org/3/cb8681en/cb8681en.pdf

30 Flores Rojas, M. 2018. Gender sensitive labour saving technology. Drum seeder: saving time, effort and money. A case study from the Lao People’s Democratic Republic. Bangkok, FAO. www.fao.org/3/i9464en/i9464en.pdf

31 Comité de Seguridad Alimentaria Mundial (CSA). 2014. Principios para la inversion responsable en la agricultura y los sistemas alimentarios. Roma. https://www.fao.org/3/au866s/au866s.pdf

32 Alves, B.J.R., Madari, B.E. y Boddey, R.M. 2017. Integrated crop–livestock–forestry systems: prospects for a sustainable agricultural intensification. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 108: 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-017-9851-0

33 McCampbell, M. 2022. Agricultural digitalization and automation in low- and middle-income countries: Evidence from ten case studies. Documento de antecedentes para El estado mundial de la agricultura y la alimentación 2022. Estudio técnico de la FAO n.º 25 sobre Economía del Desarrollo Agrícola. Roma, FAO.

34 Northrup, D.L., Basso, B., Wang, M.Q., Morgan, C.L.S. y Benfey, P.N. 2021. Novel technologies for emission reduction complement conservation agriculture to achieve negative emissions from row–crop production. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(28): e2022666118.

35 FAO. 2020. Agricultura de conservación. En: FAO. Roma. [Consultado el 1 de agosto de 2022]. https://www.fao.org/conservation-agriculture/es

36 Jaleta, M., Baudron, F., Krivokapic-Skoko, B. y Erenstein, O. 2019. Agricultural mechanization and reduced tillage: antagonism or synergy? International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 17(3): 219–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2019.1613742

37 Giller, K.E., Witter, E., Corbeels, M. y Tittonell, P. 2009. Conservation agriculture and smallholder farming in Africa: The heretics’ view. Field Crops Research, 114(1): 23–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2009.06.017

38 Baudron, F., Nazare, R. y Matangi, D. 2019. The role of mechanization in transformation of smallholder agriculture in Southern Africa: Experience from Zimbabwe. En: R. Sikora, E. Terry, P. Vlek y J. Chitja, (coords.). Transforming agriculture in Southern Africa, págs. 152-159. Londres, Routledge. www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/oa-edit/10.4324/9780429401701-21/role-mechanization-transformation-smallholder-agriculture-southern-africa-fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric-baudron-raymond-nazare-dorcas-matangi

39 FAO. 2022. Conducta empresarial responsable en la agricultura. En: FAO. Roma. [Consultado el 29 de junio de 2022]. https://www.fao.org/responsible-business-conduct-in-agriculture/es/

40 Comisión Europea. 2022. Economía justa y sostenible: la Comisión establece normas para que las empresas respeten los derechos humanos y el medio ambiente en las cadenas de suministro mundiales. Comunicado de prensa. Bruselas. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/es/ip_22_1145

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42 Adu-Baffour, F., Daum, T. y Birner, R. 2019. Can small farms benefit from big companies’ initiatives to promote mechanization in Africa? A case study from Zambia. Food Policy, 84: 133–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2019.03.007

43 Daum, T., Capezzone, F. y Birner, R. 2021. Using smartphone app collected data to explore the link between mechanization and intra-household allocation of time in Zambia. Agriculture and Human Values, 38: 411–429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-020-10160-3

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46 Trendov, N.M., Varas, S. y Zeng, M. 2019. Digital technologies in agriculture and rural areas – Status report. Roma, FAO. www.fao.org/3/ca4985en/CA4985EN.pdf

47 Charlton, D., Hill, A.E. y Taylor, E.J. 2022. Automation and social impacts: winners and losers. Documento de antecedentes para El estado mundial de la agricultura y la alimentación 2022. Documento de trabajo n.º 19-09 de la División de Economía del Desarrollo Agrícola de la FAO. Roma, FAO.

48 Mapiye, O., Makombe, G., Molotsi, A., Dzama, K. y Mapiye, C. 2021. Towards a revolutionized agricultural extension system for the sustainability of smallholder livestock production in developing countries: The potential role of ICTs. Sustainability, 13(11): 5868. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13115868

49 Bhattacharyya, T., Wani, S.P. y Tiwary, P. 2021. Empowerment of stakeholders for scaling-up: digital technologies for agricultural extension. En: S.P. Wani, K.V. Raju y T. Bhattacharyya, (coords.). Scaling-up solutions for farmers, págs. 121-147. Cham, Springer International Publishing. https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-77935-1_3

Anexo 1

1 McCampbell, M. 2022. Agricultural digitalization and automation in low- and middle-income countries: Evidence from ten case studies. Documento de antecedentes para El estado mundial de la agricultura y la alimentación 2022. Estudio técnico de la FAO n.º 25 sobre Economía del Desarrollo Agrícola. Roma, FAO.

2 Ceccarelli, T., Chauhan, A., Rambaldi, G., Kumar, I., Cappello, C., Janssen, S. y McCampbell, M. 2022. Leveraging automation and digitalization for precision agriculture: Evidence from the case studies. Documento de antecedentes para El estado mundial de la agricultura y la alimentación 2022. Estudio técnico de la FAO n.º 24 sobre Economía del Desarrollo Agrícola. Roma, FAO.