La Situation mondiale de l’alimentation et de l’agriculture 2023

Glossaire

1 FAO. 2021. Rapport du Conseil de la FAO. Cent soixante-sixième session, 26 avril - 1er mai 2021. CL 166/REP. Rome. https://www.fao.org/3/nf693fr/nf693fr.pdf

2 TEEB. 2018. TEEB for Agriculture & Food: Scientific and Economic Foundations Report. Genève (Suisse), Programme des Nations Unies pour l’environnement. https://teebweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Foundations_Report_Final_October.pdf

3 Atkinson, G. et Pearce, D. 1995. Measuring sustainable development. Dans: D.W. Bromley, dir. pub. Handbook of Environmental Economics, p. 166 à 182. Oxford (Royaume-Uni), Blackwell.

4 Jansson, A., Hammer, M., Folke, C. et Costanza, R., dir. pub. 1994. Investing in Natural Capital: The Ecological Economics Approach to Sustainability. Washington, Island Press.

5 Lord, S. 2020. Valuing the impact of food: Towards practical and comparable monetary valuation of food system impacts. Oxford (Royaume-Uni), FoodSIVI. https://foodsivi.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Valuing-the-impact-of-food-Report_Foodsivi.pdf

6 Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. 2002. What is the difference between private and social costs, and how do they relate to pollution and production? Dans: Education. [Consulté le 14 mars 2023]. https://www.frbsf.org/education/publications/doctor-econ/2002/november/private-social-costs-pollution-production

7 FAO et OMS (Organisation mondiale de la Santé). (À paraître). Aide-mémoire sur l’alimentation saine. Rome, FAO.

8 FAO, FIDA (Fonds international de développement agricole), OMS, PAM (Programme alimentaire mondial) et UNICEF (Fonds des Nations Unies pour l’enfance). 2023. L’État de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition dans le monde 2023. Urbanisation, transformation des systèmes agroalimentaires et accès à une alimentation saine le long du continuum rural-urbain. Rome, FAO. https://www.fao.org/3/cc3017fr/cc3017fr.pdf

9 de Adelhart Toorop, R., Yates, J., Watkins, M., Bernard, J. et de Groot Ruiz, A. 2021. Methodologies for true cost accounting in the food sector. Nature Food, 2(9): 655 à 663. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-021-00364-z

10 de Adelhart Toorop, R., van Veen, B., Verdonk, L. et Schmiedler, B. 2023. True cost accounting applications for agrifood systems policymakers. Document d’information établi aux fins de l’élaboration de La Situation mondiale de l’alimentation et de l’agriculture 2023. Document de travail de la FAO sur l’économie du développement agricole n° 23-11. Rome, FAO.

11 Acheson, J. 2000. Varieties of Institutional Failure. Keynote Address for the Meetings of the International Association for the Study of Common Property Resources, 3 juin 2000, Bloomington (États-Unis d’Amérique). https://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/bitstream/handle/ 10535/577/iascpkeynote.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

12 Acheson, J.M. 2006. Institutional Failure in Resource Management. Annual Review of Anthropology, 35(1): 117–134. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.35.081705.123238

13 Gibson, C. 1999. Politicians and Poachers: The Political Economy of Wildlife Policy in Africa. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

14 Transparency International. Non daté. What is corruption? Dans: Transparency International. [Consulté le 21 juillet 2023]. https://www.transparency.org/en/what-is-corruption

15 Transparency International et FAO. 2011. Corruption in the Land Sector. Working Paper n° 04/2011. Rome, FAO. https://www.fao.org/3/am943e/am943e00.pdf

16 Hudson, B., Hunter, D. et Peckham, S. 2019. Policy failure and the policy-implementation gap: can policy support programs help? Policy Design and Practice, 2(1): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/25741292.2018.1540378

17 Norris, E., Kidson, M., Bouchal, P. et Rutter, J. 2014. Doing them Justice: Lessons from four cases of policy implementation. Londres, Institute for Government. https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/Policy%20Implementation%20case%20studies%20report%20-%20final.pdf

18 Fontaine, P. 2014. Free riding. Journal of the History of Economic Thought, 36(3): 359-376. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1053837214000376

19 Tisdell, C.A. 2005. Open-access, common-property and natural resource management. Dans: Economics of Environmental Conservation. Deuxième édition, chapitre 6. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781845428266.00012

20 Fox, J. 2007. The uncertain relationship between transparency and accountability. Development in Practice, 17(4-5): 663-671. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614520701469955

21 IOS. 2006. 14040: Environmental management–life cycle assessment– principles and framework. Londres, British Standards Institution.

22 Mogensen, L., Hermansen, J.E., Halberg, N., Dalgaard, R., Vis, J.C. et Smith, B.G. 2009. Life Cycle Assessment Across the Food Supply Chain. Dans: Sustainability in the Food Industry. p. 115 à 144. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118467589.ch5

23 Clément, V. et Moureau, N. 2019. Merit goods. Dans: A. Marciano et G.B. Ramello, dir. pub. Encyclopedia of Law and Economics. New York (États-Unis d’Amérique), Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7753-2_663

24 Markandya, A. 2023. Accounting for the hidden costs of agrifood systems in data-scarce contexts. Document d’information établi aux fins de l’élaboration de La Situation mondiale de l’alimentation et de l’agriculture 2023. Document de travail de la FAO sur l’économie du développement agricole n° 23-12. Rome, FAO.

25 Cabral L.M.B. 2017. Introduction to industrial organization. Deuxième édition. Cambridge (États-Unis d’Amérique), The MIT Press.

26 OCDE (Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques). 2018. Market concentration. Dans: OCDE. [Consulté le 9 mars 2023]. https://www.oecd.org/competition/market-concentration.htm

27 Heller, W.P. 1999. Equilibrium market formation causes missing markets. Dans: G. Chichilnisky, dir. pub. Markets, Information and Uncertainty: Essays in Economic Theory in Honor of Kenneth J. Arrow. Cambridge University Press.

28 Burningham, D. et Davies, J. 2004. Environmental Economics. Oxford (Royaume-Uni), Heinemann. [Consulté le 9 mars 2023]. https://books.google.it/books?id=qrVd2unmawsC&printsec=frontcover&hl=it&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

29 Varian, H.R. 1992. Microeconomic analysis. Troisième édition. New York (États-Unis d’Amérique), Norton.

30 Cambridge Dictionary. 2023. Materiality. Dans: Cambridge Dictionary. [Consulté le 19 mai 2023]. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/materiality

31 Eigenraam, M., Jekums, A., Mcleod, R., Obst, C. et Sharma, K. 2020. Applying the TEEBAgriFood Evaluation Framework: Overarching Implementation Guidance. Global Alliance for the Future of Food. https://futureoffood.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/GA_TEEBAgriFood_Guidance.pdf

32 Riemer, O., Mairaj Shah, T.M. et Müller, A. 2023. The role of true cost accounting in guiding agrifood businesses and investments towards sustainability. Document d’information établi aux fins de l’élaboration de La Situation mondiale de l’alimentation et de l’agriculture 2023. Document de travail de la FAO sur l’économie du développement agricole n° 23-13. Rome, FAO.

33 Lord, S. 2023. Hidden costs of agrifood systems and recent trends from 2016 to 2023. Document d’information établi aux fins de l’élaboration de La Situation mondiale de l’alimentation et de l’agriculture 2023. Étude technique de la FAO sur l’économie du développement agricole n° 31. Rome, FAO.

34 McConnell, A. 2015. What is policy failure? A primer to help navigate the maze. Public Policy and Administration, 30(3-4): 221-242. https://doi.org/10.1177/0952076714565416

35 Ansell, C., Sørensen, E. et Torfing, J. 2017. Improving policy implementation through collaborative policymaking. Policy & Politics, 45(3): 467-486. https://doi.org/10.1332/030557317X14972799760260

36 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PAM et UNICEF. 2022. L’État de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition dans le monde 2022. Réorienter les politiques alimentaires et agricoles pour rendre l’alimentation saine plus abordable. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0639fr

37 IPBES (Plateforme intergouvernementale scientifique et politique sur la biodiversité et les services écosystémiques). 2016. The methodological assessment of scenarios and models of biodiversity and ecosystem services – Summary for policymakers. Bonn (Allemagne), Secrétariat de la Plateforme intergouvernementale scientifique et politique sur la biodiversité et les services écosystémiques. https://www.ipbes.net/sites/default/files/downloads/pdf/SPM_Deliverable_3c.pdf

38 Oxford Reference. Non daté. Business-as-usual scenario. Dans: Oxford Reference. [Consulté le 31 juillet 2023]. https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198609957.001.0001/acref-9780198609957- e-1026

39 IPBES. 2017. Exploratory scenarios. Dans: IPBES. [Consulté le 5 avril 2023]. https://www.ipbes.net/exploratory-scenarios

40 IPBES. 2017. Policy-screening (ex-ante) scenarios. Dans: IPBES. [Consulté le 5 avril 2023]. https://www.ipbes.net/policy-screening-ex-ante-scenarios

41 IPBES. 2017. Restrospective policy evaluation (ex-post evaluation). Dans: IPBES. [Consulté le 5 avril 2023]. https://www.ipbes.net/restrospective-policy-evaluation-ex-post-evaluation

42 Organisation des Nations Unies. 2021. Policy Scenario Analysis using SEEA Ecosystem Accounting. [Consulté le 19 mai 2023]. https://seea.un.org/content/policy-scenario-analysis-using-seea-ecosystem-accounting

43 PNUE (Programme des Nations Unies pour l’environnement), TEEB, Capitals Coalition et GAFF (Alliance mondiale pour l’avenir de l’alimentation). 2021. True Cost Accounting For Food Systems: Redefining Value To Transform Decision-Making. Technical Briefing Note. https://teebweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/TechnicalBriefingNote.pdf

Chapitre 1

1 Davis, B., Mane, E., Gurbuzer, L.Y., Caivano, G., Piedrahita, N., Schneider, K., Azhar, N. et al. 2023. Estimating global and country-level employment in agrifood systems. Document de travail de la Division de la statistique de la FAO n° 23-34. Rome, FAO. https://www.fao.org/3/cc4337en/cc4337en.pdf

2 FAO. 2022. La Situation mondiale de l’alimentation et de l’agriculture 2022: L’automatisation de l’agriculture au service de la transformation des systèmes agroalimentaires. Rome. https://www.fao.org/3/cb9479fr/cb9479fr.pdf

3 Kraak, V.I., Swinburn, B., Lawrence, M. et Harrison, P. 2014. An accountability framework to promote healthy food environments. Public Health Nutrition, 17(11): 2467-2483. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980014000093 .

4 HLPE (Groupe d’experts de haut niveau sur la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition). 2018. Nutrition et systèmes alimentaires. Rapport du Groupe d’experts de haut niveau sur la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition du Comité de la sécurité alimentaire mondiale. Rome. https://www.fao.org/3/i7846fr/i7846fr.pdf

5 UNSCN (Comité permanent des Nations Unies sur la nutrition). 2016. Impact Assessment of Policies to Support Healthy Food Environments and Healthy Diet – Implementing the Framework for Action of the Second International Conference on Nutrition. Rome. https://www.unscn.org/uploads/web/news/document/DiscPaper3-EN-WEB.pdf

6 Capitals Coalition. Non daté. The Capitals Approach. Dans: Capitals Coalition. [Consulté le 8 décembre 2022]. https://capitalscoalition.org/capitals-approach

7 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PAM et UNICEF. 2022. L’État de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition dans le monde 2022. Réorienter les politiques alimentaires et agricoles pour rendre l’alimentation saine plus abordable. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0639fr

8 Ewert, B. et Loer, K. 2021. Advancing behavioural public policies: in pursuit of a more comprehensive concept. Policy and Politics, 49(1): 25-47. https://doi.org/10.1332/030557320X15907721287475

9 Cesareo, M., Sorgente, A., Labra, M., Palestini, P., Sarcinelli, B., Rossetti, M., Lanz, M. et al. 2022. The effectiveness of nudging interventions to promote healthy eating choices: A systematic review and an intervention among Italian university students. Appetite, 168: 105662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2021.105662

10 Elwin, P., Amadi, E., Mitchell, E. et Hunter, P. 2023. Financial markets roadmap for transforming the global food system. Dans: Planet Tracker. https://planet-tracker.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Financial-Markets-Roadmap-for-transforming-the-Global-Food-System.pdf

11 Riemer, O., Mairaj Shah, T.M. et Müller, A. 2023. The role of true cost accounting in guiding agrifood businesses and investments towards sustainability. Document d’information établi aux fins de l’élaboration de La Situation mondiale de l’alimentation et de l’agriculture 2023. Document de travail de la FAO sur l’économie du développement agricole n° 23-13. Rome, FAO.

12 Meybeck, A. et FAO, dir. pub. 2014. Voluntary Standards for Sustainable Food Systems: Challenges and Opportunities – A Workshop of the FAO/UNEP Programme on Sustainable Food Systems. Rome, FAO. https://www.fao.org/3/i3421e/i3421e.pdf

13 Pernechele, V., Fontes, F., Baborska, R., Nkuingoua, J., Pan, X. et Tuyishime, C. 2021. Public expenditure on food and agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa – Trends, challenges and priorities. Rome, FAO. https://www.fao.org/3/cb4492en/cb4492en.pdf

14 TEEB. 2018. TEEB for Agriculture & Food: Scientific and Economic Foundations. Genève (Suisse), PNUE. https://teebweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Foundations_Report_Final_October.pdf

15 Gemmill-Herren, B., Baker, L.E. et Daniels, P.A., dir. pub. 2021. True cost accounting for food – Balancing the scale. Londres, New York (États-Unis d’Amérique), Routledge.

16 Gravelle, H. et Rees, R. 2004. Microeconomics. Troisième édition. Harlow (Royaume-Uni), Financial Times/Prentice Hall.

17 Rocha, C. 2007. Food Insecurity as Market Failure: A Contribution from Economics. Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition, 1(4): 5-22. https://doi.org/10.1300/J477v01n04_02

18 Mateo-Sagasta, J., Marjani Zadeh, S. et Turral, H., dir. pub. 2018. More people, more food, worse water? A global review of water pollution from agriculture. Rome, FAO et Colombo, IWMI (Institut international de gestion des ressources en eau). www.fao.org/3/ca0146en/CA0146EN.pdf

19 Markandya, A. 2023. Accounting for the hidden costs of agrifood systems in data-scarce contexts. Document d’information établi aux fins de l’élaboration de La Situation mondiale de l’alimentation et de l’agriculture 2023. Document de travail de la FAO sur l’économie du développement agricole n° 23-12. Rome, FAO.

20 Kerr, W.A. et Hobbs, J.E. 2022. Is the quest to eat healthy a route to enhancing consumer’s food security? Agriculture & Food Security, 11(1): 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-021-00340-7

21 Musgrave, R.A. 1987. Merit goods. Vol. 3. The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics.

22 Cabral L.M.B. 2017. Introduction to industrial organization. Deuxième édition. Cambridge (États-Unis d’Amérique), The MIT Press.

23 De Castro, P., Adinolfi, F., Capitanio, F. et Di Falco, S. 2011. Building a New Framework for the Common Agricultural Policy: A Responsibility Towards the Overall Community. EuroChoices, 10(1): 32-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-692X.2010.00171.x

24 Acheson, J. 2000. Varieties of Institutional Failure. Keynote Address for the Meetings of the International Association for the Study of Common Property Resources, 3 juin 2000, Bloomington, Indiana (États-Unis d’Amérique). https://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/bitstream/handle/10535/577/iascpkeynote.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

25 McConnell, A. 2015. What is policy failure? A primer to help navigate the maze. Public Policy and Administration, 30(3-4): 221-242. https://doi.org/10.1177/0952076714565416

26 FAO. 2022. Thinking about the future of food safety – A foresight report. Rome. http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/cb8667en

27 Transparency International. Non daté. What is corruption? Dans: Transparency International. [Consulté le 21 juillet 2023]. https://www.transparency.org/en/what-is-corruption

28 Transparency International et FAO. 2011. Corruption in the Land Sector. Working Paper n° 04/2011. Rome, FAO. https://www.fao.org/3/am943e/am943e00.pdf

29 Nawaz, F. 2008. Corruption in land administration/land management in Kosovo. Bergen (Norvège), U4 et Transparency International. https://www.u4.no/publications/corruption-in-land-administration-land-management-in-kosovo.pdf

30 Hudson, B., Hunter, D. et Peckham, S. 2019. Policy failure and the policy-implementation gap: can policy support programs help? Policy Design and Practice, 2(1): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/25741292.2018.1540378

31 Norris, E., Kidson, M., Bouchal, P. et Rutter, J. 2014. Doing them Justice: Lessons from four cases of policy implementation. Londres, Institute for Government. https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/Policy%20Implementation%20case%20studies%20report%20-%20final.pdf

32 Gibson, C. 1999. Politicians and Poachers: The Political Economy of Wildlife Policy in Africa. Cambridge (Royaume-Uni), Cambridge University Press.

33 Ansell, C., Sørensen, E. et Torfing, J. 2017. Improving policy implementation through collaborative policymaking. Policy & Politics, 45(3): 467-486. https://doi.org/10.1332/030557317X14972799760260

34 Sumaila, U.R., Pierruci, A., Oyinlola, M.A., Cannas, R., Froese, R., Glaser, S., Jacquet, J. et al. 2022. Aquaculture over-optimism? Frontiers in Marine Science, 9: 984354. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.984354

35 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PAM et UNICEF. 2023. L’État de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition dans le monde 2023. Urbanisation, transformation des systèmes agroalimentaires et accès à une alimentation saine le long du continuum rural-urbain. Rome, FAO. https://www.fao.org/3/cc3017fr/cc3017fr.pdf

36 Wolter, M. 2022. Sustainable food systems need True Cost Accounting. Rural 21, 19 décembre 2022. https://www.rural21.com/fileadmin/downloads/2022/en-04/rural2022_04-S09-10.pdf

37 de Adelhart Toorop, R., van Veen, B., Verdonk, L. et Schmiedler, B. 2023. True cost accounting applications for agrifood systems policymakers. Document d’information établi aux fins de l’élaboration de La Situation mondiale de l’alimentation et de l’agriculture 2023. Document de travail de la FAO sur l’économie du développement agricole n° 23-11. Rome, FAO.

38 Lord, S. et Ingram, J.S.I. 2021. Measures of equity for multi-capital accounting. Nature Food, 2(9): 646-654. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-021-00336-3

39 Roe, D., Seddon, N. et Elliott, J. 2019. Biodiversity loss is a development issue. A rapid review of the evidence. Issue paper, avril 2019. International Institute for Development. https://www.iied.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/migrate/17636IIED.pdf

40 Füssel, H.-M. 2010. How inequitable is the global distribution of responsibility, capability, and vulnerability to climate change: A comprehensive indicator-based assessment. Global Environmental Change, 20(4): 597-611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.07.009

41 Perez-Escamilla, R., Bermudez, O., Buccini, G.S., Kumanyika, S., Lutter, C.K., Monsivais, P. et Victora, C. 2018. Nutrition disparities and the global burden of malnutrition. BMJ, 361: k2252. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k2252

42 Rosa, L., Chiarelli, D.D., Rulli, M.C., Dell’Angelo, J. et D’Odorico, P. 2020. Global agricultural economic water scarcity. Science Advances, 6(18): eaaz6031. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aaz6031

43 FAO. 2020. La Situation mondiale de l’alimentation et de l’agriculture 2020: Relever le défi de l’eau dans l’agriculture. Rome. https://www.fao.org/3/cb1447fr/cb1447fr.pdf

44 Fondation Rockefeller. 2021. True Cost of Food – Measuring What Matters to Transform the U.S. Food System. New York (États-Unis d’Amérique). https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/True-Cost-of-Food-Full-Report-Final.pdf

45 Lord, S. 2022. Incurred and avoided external costs from the removal of agricultural trade barriers and farm sector subsidies. Background Report for the Food System Economic Commission. Oxford (Royaume-Uni), Environmental Change Institute, Université d'Oxford.

46 Lord, S. 2020. Valuing the impact of food: Towards practical and comparable monetary valuation of food system impacts. Oxford (Royaume-Uni), FoodSIVI. https://foodsivi.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Valuing-the-impact-of-food-Report_Foodsivi.pdf

47 David-Benz, H., Sirdey, N., Deshons, A., Orbell, C. et Herlant, C. 2022. Cadre conceptuel et méthode pour des diagnostics nationaux et territoriaux – Activer la transformation durable et inclusive de nos systèmes alimentaires. Rome, FAO; Bruxelles, Union européenne; Montpellier (France), CIRAD. https://www.fao.org/3/cb8603fr/cb8603fr.pdf

48 PNUE, TEEB, Capitals Coalition et GAFF. 2021. True Cost Accounting For Food Systems: Redefining Value To Transform Decision-Making. Technical Briefing Note. https://teebweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/TechnicalBriefingNote.pdf

49 Cambridge Dictionary. Materiality. Dans: Cambridge Dictionary. [Consulté le 19 mai 2023]. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/materiality

50 Impact Institute. 2023. The current field of true cost accounting: An analysis of the similarities and differences of True Cost Accounting frameworks. TCA Accelerator. https://tcaaccelerator.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/The-Current-Field-of-True-Cost-Accounting-Final.pdf

51 Capitals Coalition. 2023. TEEB for agriculture and food: operational guidelines for business. Putting nature and people at the centre of food system transformation. https://capitalscoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/TEEB-for-Agriculture-and-Food-Operational-Guidelines-for-Business.pdf

Chapitre 2

1 Lord, S. 2023. Hidden costs of agrifood systems and recent trends from 2016 to 2023. Document d’information établi aux fins de l’élaboration de La Situation mondiale de l’alimentation et de l’agriculture 2023. Étude technique de la FAO sur l’économie du développement agricole n° 31. Rome, FAO.

2 FAO. 2014. Food wastage footprint – Full-cost accounting. Final report. Rome. https://www.fao.org/3/i3991e/i3991e.pdf

3 TEEB. 2015. TEEB for Agriculture & Food: an interim report. Genève (Suisse), PNUE. https://www.teebweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/TEEBAgFood_Interim_Report_2015_web.pdf

4 Food System Economics Commission. 2023. Food, Planet, Health: Moving towards healthy, inclusive, and nature-positive food systems. [Consulté le 23 mai 2023]. https://foodsystemeconomics.org

5 FAO. 2021. Rapport du Conseil de la FAO. Cent soixante-sixième session, 26 avril - 1er mai 2021. CL 166/REP. Rome. https://www.fao.org/3/nf693fr/nf693fr.pdf

6 FAO. 2022. La Situation des forêts du monde 2022. Des solutions forestières pour une relance verte et des économies inclusives, résilientes et durables. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb9360fr

7 Kruid, S., Macedo, M.N., Gorelik, S.R., Walker, W., Moutinho, P., Brando, P.M., Castanho, A. et al. 2021. Beyond Deforestation: Carbon Emissions from Land Grabbing and Forest Degradation in the Brazilian Amazon. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 4: 645282. https://doi.org/10.3389/ffgc.2021.645282

8 Hosonuma, N., Herold, M., De Sy, V., De Fries, R.S., Brockhaus, M., Verchot, L., Angelsen, A. et Romijn, E. 2012. An assessment of deforestation and forest degradation drivers in developing countries. Environmental Research Letters, 7(4): 044009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/044009

9 FAO. 2020. Évaluation des ressources forestières mondiales 2020: Rapport principal. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9825fr

10 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PAM et UNICEF. 2022. L’État de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition dans le monde 2022. Réorienter les politiques alimentaires et agricoles pour rendre l’alimentation saine plus abordable. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0639fr

11 Mathers, C.D. 2020. History of global burden of disease assessment at the World Health Organization. Archives of Public Health, 78(1): 77. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-020-00458-3

12 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PAM et UNICEF. 2021. L’État de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition dans le monde 2021. Transformer les systèmes alimentaires pour que la sécurité alimentaire, une meilleure nutrition et une alimentation saine et abordable soient une réalité pour tous. Rome, FAO. https://www.fao.org/3/cb4474fr/cb4474fr.pdf

13 Cattaneo, A., Sadiddin, A., Vaz, S., Conti, V., Holleman, C., Sánchez, M.V. et Torero, M. 2023. Viewpoint: Ensuring affordability of diets in the face of shocks. Food Policy, 117: 102470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2023.102470

14 FAO. 2021. La Situation mondiale de l’alimentation et de l’agriculture 2021. Rendre les systèmes agroalimentaires plus résilients face aux chocs et aux situations de stress. Rome. https://www.fao.org/3/cb4476fr/cb4476fr.pdf

15 Jaffee, S., Henson, S., Unnevehr, L., Grace, D. et Cassou, E. 2019. The Safe Food Imperative: Accelerating Progress in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Washington, Banque mondiale. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/e018c0ed-0e18-517d-b733-cbfc90f6a371/content

16 FoodSIVI. 2023. SPIQ-FS. [Consulté le 1er juin 2023]. https://foodsivi.org/what-we-do/projects/spiq-food-system-v0

17 Leimbach, M., Kriegler, E., Roming, N. et Schwanitz, J. 2017. Future growth patterns of world regions – A GDP scenario approach. Global Environmental Change, 42: 215-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.02.005

18 FOLU. 2019. Growing Better: Ten Critical Transitions to Transform Food and Land Use. Londres. https://www.foodandlandusecoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/FOLU-GrowingBetter-GlobalReport.pdf

19 Springmann, M. 2020. Valuation of the health and climate-change benefits of healthy diets. Document d’information établi aux fins de l’élaboration de L’État de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition dans le monde 2020. Document de travail de la FAO sur l’économie du développement agricole n° 20-03. Rome, FAO.

20 Hendriks, S., de Groot Ruiz, A., Acosta, M.H., Baumers, H., Galgani, P., Mason-D’Croz, D., Godde, C. et al. 2023. The True Cost of Food: A Preliminary Assessment. Dans: J. von Braun, K. Afsana, L.O. Fresco et M.H.A. Hassan, dir. pub. Science and Innovations for Food Systems Transformation, p. 581 à 601. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15703-5_32

21 Galgani, P., Woltjer, G., de Adelhart Toorop, R., de Groot Ruiz, A. et Varoucha, E. 2021. Land use, Land use change, Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: True pricing method for agri-food products. Wageningue (Pays-Bas), Wageningen University and Research. https://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/fulltext/555581

22 Lord, S. 2021. Estimation of marginal damage costs for loss of ecosystem services from land-use change or ecosystem degradation. Documentation of the SPIQ-FS Dataset Version 0. Oxford (Royaume-Uni), Environmental Change Institute, Université d'Oxford. https://foodsivi.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/SPIQ-v0-A-Marginal-Costs-3-Land-Use_DRAFT.pdf

23 OMS. 2015. WHO estimates of the global burden of foodborne diseases. Foodborne disease burden epidemiology Reference Group 2007–2015. Genève (Suisse). https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/199350/9789241565165_eng.pdf?sequence=1

24 David-Benz, H., Sirdey, N., Deshons, A., Orbell, C. et Herlant, C. 2022. Cadre conceptuel et méthode pour des diagnostics nationaux et territoriaux - Activer la transformation durable et inclusive de nos systèmes alimentaires. Rome, FAO; Bruxelles, Union européenne; Montpellier (France), CIRAD. https://www.fao.org/3/cb8603fr/cb8603fr.pdf

Chapitre 3

1 Markandya, A. 2023. Accounting for the hidden costs of agrifood systems in data-scarce contexts. Document d’information établi aux fins de l’élaboration de La Situation mondiale de l’alimentation et de l’agriculture 2023. Document de travail de la FAO sur l’économie du développement agricole n° 23-12. Rome, FAO.

2 FAO. 2021. Guidelines on data disaggregation for SDG Indicators using survey data. Rome. https://www.fao.org/3/cb3253en/cb3253en.pdf

3 FAO. 2021. The impact of disasters and crises on agriculture and food security: 2021. Rome. https://www.fao.org/3/cb3673en/cb3673en.pdf

4 Mullié, W.C., Prakash, A., Müller, A. et Lazutkaite, E. 2023. Insecticide Use against Desert Locust in the Horn of Africa 2019–2021 Reveals a Pressing Need for Change. Agronomy, 13(3): 819. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13030819

5 FAO. 2022. Comment la Somalie a vaincu les criquets pèlerins grâce aux biopesticides. Dans: FAO. [Consulté le 26 mai 2023]. https://www.fao.org/fao-stories/article/fr/c/1604416/

6 Sandhu, H., Regan, C., Perveen, S. et Patel, V. 2021. Methods and frameworks: the tools to assess externalities. Dans: B. Gemmill-Herren, L.E. Baker et P.A. Daniels, dir. pub. True cost accounting for food – Balancing the scale, Chapter 4. Londres et New York (États-Unis d’Amérique), Routledge.

7 TEEBAgriFood. 2022. Indonesia. Dans: TEEB. [Consulté le 5 mars 2023]. https://teebweb.org/our-work/agrifood/country-implementation/eupi2019/indonesia

8 TEEB. 2018. TEEB for Agriculture & Food: Scientific and Economic Foundations. Genève (Suisse), PNUE. https://teebweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Foundations_Report_Final_October.pdf

9 Pascual, U., Balvanera, P., Díaz, S., Pataki, G., Roth, E., Stenseke, M., Watson, R.T. et al. 2017. Valuing nature’s contributions to people: the IPBES approach. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 26-27: 7-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2016.12.006

10 de Adelhart Toorop, R., Yates, J., Watkins, M., Bernard, J. et de Groot Ruiz, A. 2021. Methodologies for true cost accounting in the food sector. Nature Food, 2(9): 655-663. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-021-00364-z

11 The Rockefeller Foundation et Center for Good Food Purchasing. 2021. True Cost of Food: School Meals Case Study. https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/True-Cost-of-Food-School-Meals-Case-Study-Full-Report-Final.pdf

12 Bandel, T., Kayatz, B., Doucet, T. et Leutner, N. 2020. Der teure Preis des Billigfleischs: Wer Fleisch konsumiert, zahlt nur einen Bruchteil der wahren Kosten – zu Lasten von Umwelt und Klima [The expensive price of cheap meat: Anyone who consumes meat only pays a fraction of the true costs – at the expense of the environment and climate]. Hambourg (Allemagne), Soil & More Impacts GmbH. https://www.greenpeace.de/publikationen/s03201_landwirtschaft_studie_wahre_kosten_fleisch_2020.pdf

13 Khon Kaen University. 2022. Measuring What Matters in Rice Systems: TEEBAgriFood Assessment Thailand, focus on the Northeast region. Key messages, août 2022. TEEB. https://teebweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/5-TEEBAgriFood-IKI-Key-messages.pdf

14 de Adelhart Toorop, R., van Veen, B., Verdonk, L. et Schmiedler, B. 2023. True cost accounting applications for agrifood systems policymakers. Document d’information établi aux fins de l’élaboration de La Situation mondiale de l’alimentation et de l’agriculture 2023. Document de travail de la FAO sur l’économie du développement agricole n° 23-11. Rome, FAO.

15 IPBES. 2017. Scenarios. Dans: IPBES. [Consulté le 14 avril 2023]. https://www.ipbes.net/node/16146

16 Springmann, M. 2020. Valuation of the health and climate-change benefits of healthy diets. Document d’information établi aux fins de l’élaboration de L’État de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition dans le monde 2020. Document de travail de la FAO sur l’économie du développement agricole n° 20-03. Rome, FAO.

17 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PAM et UNICEF. 2020. L’État de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition dans le monde 2020. Transformer les systèmes alimentaires pour une alimentation saine et abordable. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9692fr

18 IPBES. 2017. Policy-screening (ex-ante) scenarios. Dans: IPBES. [Consulté le 5 avril 2023]. https://www.ipbes.net/policy-screening-ex-ante-scenarios

19 Wardhany, M. et Adzim, F. 2018. Determinant of Cocoa Export in Indonesia. Economics Development Analysis Journal, 7(3): 286-293. https://doi.org/10.15294/edaj.v7i3.25262

20 Rahim, A., Antara, M., Rauf, R.A., Lamusa, A., Safitri, D. et Mulyo, J.H. 2020. Sustainability of cocoa production in Indonesia. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 14(6): 997-1003. https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.20.14.06.p2510

21 Riemer, O., Mairaj Shah, T.M. et Müller, A. 2023. The role of true cost accounting in guiding agrifood businesses and investments towards sustainability. Document d’information établi aux fins de l’élaboration de La Situation mondiale de l’alimentation et de l’agriculture 2023. Document de travail de la FAO sur l’économie du développement agricole n° 23-13. Rome, FAO.

22 FMI et NielsenIQ. 2022. Transparency in an Evolving Omnichannel World. [Consulté le 5 avril 2023]. FMI. https://www.fmi.org/forms/store/ProductFormPublic/transparency-evolving-omnichannel-world

23 Capitals Coalition. 2023. TEEB for agriculture and food: operational guidelines for business. Putting nature and people at the centre of food system transformation. https://capitalscoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/TEEB-for-Agriculture-and-Food-Operational-Guidelines-for-Business.pdf

24 True Cost Initiative. 2022. True Cost Accounting Agrifood Handbook – Practical guidelines for the food and farming sector on impact measurement, valuation and reporting. https://tca2f.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/TCA_Agrifood_Handbook.pdf

25 Transparent. 2021. Corporate Natural Capital Accounting – from building blocks to a path for standardization. Understanding the landscape, leading applications, challenges and opportunities. https://capitalscoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Transparent-benchmarking-final.pdf

26 Impact Institute. 2020. Integrated Profit & Loss Assessment Methodology (IAM): Supplement Impact Contribution. Version 1.0. https://www.impactinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Impact-Institute-IAM-Supplement-Impact-Contribution-.pdf

27 Global Farm Metric. 2022. The Global Farm Metric Framework – Categories, sub-categories and indicators explained. https://www.globalfarmmetric.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/GFM-fwk-2023.pdf

28 True Price Foundation et Impact Economy Foundation. 2020. Principles for True Pricing. Consultation Draft. True Price Foundation. https://trueprice.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/2020-03-04-Principles-for-True-Pricing-Trueprice.org-Consultation-Draft.pdf

Chapitre 4

1 FAO et FIAN International. 2017. Mise en pratique des directives volontaires sur les régimes fonciers: Guide de formation à l’intention des organisations de la société civile. Rome. https://www.fao.org/3/i7763f/i7763f.pdf

2 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PAM et UNICEF. 2022. L’État de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition dans le monde 2022. Réorienter les politiques alimentaires et agricoles pour rendre l’alimentation saine plus abordable. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0639fr

3 Rosendal, G.K. et Schei, P.J. 2014. How may REDD+ affect the practical, legal and institutional framework for ‘Payment for ecosystem services’ in Costa Rica? Ecosystem Services, 9: 75-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.04.009

4 Sales, E., Rodas, O., Valenzuela, O., Hillbrand, A. et Sabogal, C. 2016. On the way to restore Guatemala’s degraded lands: Creating governance conditions. World Development Perspectives, 4: 16-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2016.11.010

5 Benton, T., Bieg, C., Harwatt, H., Pudasaini, R. et Wellesley, L. 2021. Food system impacts on biodiversity loss. Three levers for food system transformation in support of nature. Londres, Chatham House. https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/2021-02/2021-02-03-food-system-biodiversity-loss-benton-et-al_0.pdf

6 OCDE. 2019. Evaluating the environmental impact of agricultural policies. OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Paper n° 130. Paris. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/agriculture-and-food/evaluating-the-environmental-impact-of-agricultural-policies_add0f27c-en

7 OMC (Organisation mondiale du commerce). 2023. Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies. Dans: OMC. [Consulté le 19 juillet 2023]. https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/rulesneg_e/fish_e/fish_e.htm

8 Fern. 2023. What is the EU Regulation on deforestation-free products and why should you care? Bruxelles. https://www.fern.org/fileadmin/uploads/fern/Documents/2023/What_is_the_EU_Regulation_on_deforestation_free_products_and_why_should_you_care.pdf

9 FAO. 2022. La Situation mondiale des pêches et de l’aquaculture 2022. Vers une transformation bleue. Rome. https://www.fao.org/3/cc0461fr/cc0461fr.pdf

10 FAO, FIDA, OPS (Organisation panaméricaine de la santé), PAM et UNICEF. 2023. Regional Overview of Food Security and Nutrition – Latin America and the Caribbean 2022 – Towards improving affordability of healthy diets. Santiago. https://www.fao.org/3/cc3859en/cc3859en.pdf

11 Calel, R. 2013. Carbon markets: a historical overview. WIREs Climate Change, 4(2): 107-119. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.208

12 Springmann, M. et Freund, F. 2022. Options for reforming agricultural subsidies from health, climate, and economic perspectives. Nature Communications, 13(1): 82. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27645-2

13 Cassou, E. 2018. The greening of farm support programs: international experiences with agricultural subsidy reform. Washington, Banque mondiale. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/827371554284501204/pdf/The-Greening-of-Farm-Support-Programs-International-Experiences-with-Agricultural-Subsidy-Reform.pdf

14 OCDE. 2015. Agricultural Policies in Viet Nam 2015. OECD Food and Agricultural Reviews. Paris. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/agriculture-and-food/agricultural-policies-in-viet-nam-2015_9789264235151-en

15 Pernechele, V., Fontes, F., Baborska, R., Nkuingoua, J., Pan, X. et Tuyishime, C. 2021. Public expenditure on food and agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa – Trends, challenges and priorities. Rome, FAO. https://www.fao.org/3/cb4492en/cb4492en.pdf

16 Elwin, P., Amadi, E., Mitchell, E. et Hunter, P. 2023. Financial markets roadmap for transforming the global food system. Dans: Planet Tracker. https://planet-tracker.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Financial-Markets-Roadmap-for-transforming-the-Global-Food-System.pdf

17 Riemer, O., Mairaj Shah, T.M. et Müller, A. 2023. The role of true cost accounting in guiding agrifood businesses and investments towards sustainability. Document d’information établi aux fins de l’élaboration de La Situation mondiale de l’alimentation et de l’agriculture 2023. Document de travail de la FAO sur l’économie du développement agricole n° 23-13. Rome, FAO.

18 French, S.A. 2003. Pricing effects on food choices. Journal of Nutrition, 133(3): 841S-843S. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.3.841S

19 BEUC. 2020. One bite at a time: Consumers and the transition to sustainable food – Analysis of a survey of European consumers on attitudes towards sustainable food. Bruxelles, BEUC. https://www.beuc.eu/sites/default/files/publications/beuc-x-2020-042_consumers_and_the_transition_to_sustainable_food.pdf

20 Vittersø, G., Torjusen, H., Thorjussen, C.B., Schjøll, A. et Kjærnes, U. 2019. Survey on Public Opinion in Europe regarding contentious inputs – a report. Organic-PLUS. https://organicplusnet.files.wordpress.com/2019/11/d2.2-o-survey-on-puplic-opinion-regarding-contentious-inputs.pdf

21 Thaler, R.H. et Sunstein, C.R. 2009. Nudge: improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness. Édition révisée et élargie. New York (États-Unis d’Amérique), Penguin Books.

22 Galizzi, M.M. 2014. What Is Really Behavioral in Behavioral Health Policy? And Does It Work? Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 36(1): 25-60. https://doi.org/10.1093/aepp/ppt036

23 Corley, R. et Tinker, P. 2016. The oil palm. Cinquième édition. Chichester (Royaume-Uni), Wiley Blackwell.

24 FAO. 2022. FRA 2020 Remote Sensing Survey. FAO Forestry Paper n° 186. Rome. https://www.fao.org/3/cb9970en/cb9970en.pdf

25 Ayompe, L.M., Schaafsma, M. et Egoh, B.N. 2021. Towards sustainable palm oil production: The positive and negative impacts on ecosystem services and human wellbeing. Journal of Cleaner Production, 278: 123914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123914

26 Raynaud, J., Fobelets, V., Georgieva, A., Joshi, S., Kristanto, L., de Groot Ruiz, A., Bullock, S. et Hardwicke, R. 2016. Improving Business Decision Making: Valuing the Hidden Costs of Production in the Palm Oil Sector. A study for The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity for Agriculture and Food (TEEBAgriFood) Program. Trucost.

27 Gaveau, D.L.A., Locatelli, B., Salim, M.A., Husnayaen, Manurung, T., Descals, A., Angelsen, A., Meijaard, E. et Sheil, D. 2022. Slowing deforestation in Indonesia follows declining oil palm expansion and lower oil prices. PLoS ONE, 17(3): e0266178. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266178

28 PNUD (Programme des Nations Unies pour le développement) Chine. 2020. Mapping the Palm Oil Value Chain Opportunities for sustainable palm oil in Indonesia and China. https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/migration/cn/Palm_oil_report_EN.pdf

29 Andrianto, A., Komarudin, H. et Pacheco, P. 2019. Expansion of Oil Palm Plantations in Indonesia’s Frontier: Problems of Externalities and the Future of Local and Indigenous Communities. Land, 8(4): 56. https://doi.org/10.3390/land8040056

30 FAO. 2023. Cultures et produits animaux. Dans: FAOSTAT. [Consulté le 7 mars 2023]. https://www.fao.org/faostat/fr/#data/QCL

31 Tan, Y.D. et Lim, J.S. 2019. Feasibility of palm oil mill effluent elimination towards sustainable Malaysian palm oil industry. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 111: 507-522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.05.043

32 Berenschot, W., Dhiaulhaq, A., Afrizal et Hospes, O. 2021. Palm oil expansion and conflict in Indonesia – an evaluation of the effectiveness of conflict resolution mechanisms. Policy Report no 5. Leiden, POCAJI. https://www.kitlv.nl/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/ENG_Ekspansi-Konflik-Kelapa-Sawit-di-Indonesia-EN-FA.pdf

33 Voora, V., Larrea, C., Bermudez, S. et Balino, S. 2019. Global Market Report: Palm Oil. Dans: IISD. Manitoba (Canada). https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/ssi-global-market-report-palm-oil.pdf

34 Watts, J.D., Pasaribu, K., Irawan, S., Tacconi, L., Martanila, H., Wiratama, C.G.W., Musthofa, F.K. et al. 2021. Challenges faced by smallholders in achieving sustainable palm oil certification in Indonesia. World Development, 146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105565

35 Ruysschaert, D. et Salles, D. 2014. Towards global voluntary standards: Questioning the effectiveness in attaining conservation goals. The case of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO). Ecological Economics, 107: 438–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.09.016

36 Peteru, S., Komarudin, H. et Brady, M. 2022. Sustainability certifications, approaches, and tools for oil palm in Indonesia and Malaysia. European Forest Institute (Institut forestier européen). https://efi.int/sites/default/files/files/flegtredd/KAMI/Resources/Sustainability%20certifications%2C%20approaches%2C%20and%20tools%20for%20oil%20palm%20in%20Indonesia%20and%20Malaysia%20report.pdf

37 Qaim, M., Sibhatu, K.T., Siregar, H. et Grass, I. 2020. Environmental, Economic, and Social Consequences of the Oil Palm Boom. Annual Review of Resource Economics, 12(1): 321-344. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-110119-024922

38 Pacheco, P., Schoneveld, G., Dermawan, A., Komarudin, H. et Djama, M. 2020. Governing sustainable palm oil supply: Disconnects, complementarities, and antagonisms between state regulations and private standards. Regulation & Governance, 14(3): 568-598. https://doi.org/10.1111/rego.12220

39 Rincón, L.E., Valencia, M.J., Hernández, V., Matallana, L.G. et Cardona, C.A. 2015. Optimization of the Colombian biodiesel supply chain from oil palm crop based on techno-economical and environmental criteria. Energy Economics, 47: 154-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2014.10.018

40 FAO. 2022. L’avenir de l’alimentation et de l’agriculture: Moteurs et déclencheurs de transformation. L’avenir de l’alimentation et de l’agriculture n° 3. Rome. www.fao.org/3/cc0959en/cc0959en.pdf (résumé disponible en français à l’adresse suivante: https://doi.org/10.4060/cc1024fr).

41 Rawat, S. 2020. Global volatility of public agricultural R&D expenditure. Advances in Food Security and Sustainability, 5: 119–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.af2s.2020.08.001

42 CGIAR (Système CGIAR). Non daté. Assessing CGIAR’s return on investment. Dans: CGIAR. [Consulté le 25 avril 2023]. https://www.cgiar.org/annual-report/performance-report-2020/assessing-cgiars-return-on-investment

43 Soil & More Impacts et TMG (Think Tank for Sustainability). 2020. True Cost Accounting – Inventory Report. Alliance mondiale pour l’avenir de l’alimentation. https://www.natureandmore.com/files/documenten/tca-inventory-report.pdf

44 Lord, S. 2020. Valuing the impact of food: Towards practical and comparable monetary valuation of food system impacts. Oxford (Royaume-Uni), FoodSIVI. https://foodsivi.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Valuing-the-impact-of-food-Report_Foodsivi.pdf

45 Eigenraam, M., Jekums, A., Mcleod, R., Obst, C. et Sharma, K. 2020. Applying the TEEBAgriFood Evaluation Framework: Overarching Implementation Guidance. Alliance mondiale pour l’avenir de l’alimentation. https://futureoffood.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/GA_TEEBAgriFood_Guidance.pdf

46 True Cost Initiative. 2022. True Cost Accounting Agrifood Handbook – Practical guidelines for the food and farming sector on impact measurement, valuation and reporting. https://tca2f.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/TCA_Agrifood_Handbook.pdf

47 Commission européenne. 2023. EU taxonomy for sustainable activities. Dans: Commission européenne. [Consulté le 5 septembre 2023]. https://finance.ec.europa.eu/sustainable-finance/tools-and-standards/eu-taxonomy-sustainable-activities_en

48 Commission européenne. 2023. Corporate sustainability reporting. Dans: Commission européenne. [Consulté le 5 septembre 2023]. https://finance.ec.europa.eu/capital-markets-union-and-financial-markets/company-reporting-and-auditing/company-reporting/corporate-sustainability-reporting_en

49 Deconinck, K. et Giner, C. 2023. Overcoming evidence gaps on food systems: Synthesis. Vol. 199. OECD Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Papers 199. Paris, OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/043db97b-en

50 FAO. 2023. The EX-ACT suite of tools. Dans: FAO. [Consulté le 5 mai 2023]. https://www.fao.org/in-action/epic/ex-act-tool/suite-of-tools/en

51 Markandya, A. 2023. Accounting for the hidden costs of agrifood systems in data-scarce contexts. Document d’information établi aux fins de l’élaboration de La Situation mondiale de l’alimentation et de l’agriculture 2023. Document de travail de la FAO sur l’économie du développement agricole n° 23-12. Rome, FAO.

52 Hilborn, R., Banobi, J., Hall, S.J., Pucylowski, T. et Walsworth, T.E. 2018. The environmental cost of animal source foods. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 16(6): 329-335. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.1822

53 Van Der Werf, H.M.G., Knudsen, M.T. et Cederberg, C. 2020. Towards better representation of organic agriculture in life cycle assessment. Nature Sustainability, 3(6): 419-425. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0489-6

54 Deconinck, K. et Toyama, L. 2022. Environmental impacts along food supply chains: Methods, findings, and evidence gaps. Paris, OCDE. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/agriculture-and-food/environmental-impacts-along-food-supply-chains_48232173-en

55 FAO. 2015. Développer des chaînes de valeur alimentaires durables – Principes directeurs. Rome. https://www.fao.org/3/i3953f/i3953f.pdf

56 FAO. 2021. Valoriser le potentiel de la pêche et de l’aquaculture en Afrique, dans les Caraïbes et le Pacifique. https://www.fao.org/3/ca7966fr/CA7966FR.pdf

57 FISH4ACP. 2021. Developing sustainable value chains for aquatic products: A methodological brief for analysis and design. Projet de document – septembre 2021. https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/FISH4ACP/documents/FISH4ACP_VCAD_Methodological_Brief_vSept2021.pdf

58 Sendall, A., Duong, G., Ward, A., Mushabe, M., Muumin, H., Luomba, J., Mwakiluma, Y., Khamis, K. et Mwaka, I. 2022. La chaîne de valeur du sprat, de la sardine et de la perche du lac Tanganyika en République-Unie de Tanzanie: rapport de synthèse. Rome, FAO. https://www.fao.org/3/cc3759fr/cc3759fr.pdf

59 FAO. 2023. GLEAM 3.0 Évaluation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre et du potentiel d’atténuation. Dans: Modèle pour l’évaluation environnementale de l’élevage mondial (GLEAM). [Consulté le 28 avril 2023]. https://www.fao.org/gleam/dashboard/fr

60 Kirk, M.D., Pires, S.M., Black, R.E., Caipo, M., Crump, J.A., Devleesschauwer, B., Döpfer, D. et al. 2015. World Health Organization Estimates of the Global and Regional Disease Burden of 22 Foodborne Bacterial, Protozoal, and Viral Diseases, 2010: A Data Synthesis. PLOS Medicine, 12(12): e1001921. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001921

61 CDB (Convention sur la diversité biologique). 2022. 15/4. Décision adoptée par la Conférence des Parties à la Convention sur la diversité biologique. CBD/COP/DEC/15/4 Montréal (Canada), PNUE. https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-15/cop-15-dec-04-fr.pdf

62 ISO. 2023. Normes. Dans: ISO. [Consulté le 5 septembre 2023]. https://www.iso.org/fr/standards.html

63 ISO. 2021. ISO 14097:2021. Dans: ISO. [Consulté le 27 avril 2023]. https://www.iso.org/fr/standard/72433.html

64 Ecoacsa. 2023. Taskforce for Nature-related Financial Disclosures. Dans: Ecoacsa. [Consulté le 13 avril 2023]. https://ecoacsa.com/task-force-for-nature-related-financial-disclosures-eng

65 Agri3. 2023. Agri3 Fund. Dans: Agri3. [Consulté le 5 septembre 2023]. https://agri3.com

66 Renature. 2023. AGRI3. Dans: Renature. [Consulté le 5 septembre 2023]. https://www.renature.co/partners/agri3

67 OCDE. 2021. Making Better Policies for Food Systems. Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/ddfba4de-en

68 FAO, OMS, OMSA (Organisation mondiale de la santé animale) et PNUE. 2022. One Health Joint Plan of Action (2022–2026). Working together for the health of humans, animals, plants and the environment. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc2289en

69 OCDE. 2008. The Polluter Pays Principle: Definition, Analysis, Implementation. Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264044845-en

70 Barbier, E. et Markandya, A. 2013. A New Blueprint for a Green Economy. Première édition. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203097298

71 OCDE. 2023. Policy Instruments for the Environment – Database. Dans: OCDE. [Consulté le 3 janvier 2023]. https://www.oecd.org/environment/indicators-modelling-outlooks/policy-instruments-for-environment-database

72 Banque mondiale. 2017. Balancing Act. East Asia and Pacific Economic Update. Washington. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/f9c1bef3-3f65-57a8-9406-82d3ee453e80/content

73 Ding, H., Markandya, A., Feltran-Barbieri, R., Calmon, M., Cervera, M., Duraisami, M., Singh, R. et al. 2021. Repurposing Agricultural Subsidies to Restore Degraded Farmland and Grow Rural Prosperity. Washington, World Resources Institute. https://doi.org/10.46830/wrirpt.20.00013

74 Pagiola, S., Arcenas, A. et Platais, G. 2005. Can Payments for Environmental Services Help Reduce Poverty? An Exploration of the Issues and the Evidence to Date from Latin America. World Development, 33(2): 237-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.07.011

75 Schaeffer, P.V. et Willardsen, K. 2020. A Note on the Tinbergen Rule. West Virginia University (États-Unis d’Amérique). https://www.petervschaeffer.com/uploads/7/4/3/3/74334295/a_note_on_the_relevance_of_tinbergen.pdf

76 Khon Kaen University. 2022. Measuring What Matters in Rice Systems: TEEBAgriFood Assessment Thailand, focus on the Northeast region. Key messages, août 2022. TEEB. https://teebweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/5-TEEBAgriFood-IKI-Key-messages.pdf

77 FAO. 2023. DIEM – Impact. Dans: FAO. [Consulté le 19 juillet 2023]. https://data-in-emergencies.fao.org/pages/impact

78 Banque mondiale. 2021. Uganda Economic Update, 17th Edition, June 2021 – From Crisis to Green Resilient Growth – Investing in Sustainable Land Management and Climate Smart Agriculture. Washington. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/265371623083730798/pdf/Uganda-Economic-Update-17th-Edition-From-Crisis-to-Green-Resilient-Growth-Investing-in-Sustainable-Land-Management-and-Climate-Smart-Agriculture.pdf

79 Global Forest Watch. Non daté. Uganda Deforestation Rates et Statistics. Dans: Global Forest Watch. [Consulté le 21 mars 2023]. https://www.globalforestwatch.org/dashboards/country/UGA

80 UICN (Union internationale pour la conservation de la nature). 2017. Uganda assesses restoration potential, identifies approximately 8 million hectares as suitable. Dans: UICN. [Consulté le 21 mars 2023]. https://www.iucn.org/news/forests/201701/uganda-assesses-restoration-potential-identifies-approximately-8-million-hectares-suitable

81 FAO. 2021. Uganda. Dans: MAFAP Monitoring and Analysing Food and Agricultural Policies. [Consulté le 27 juillet 2023]. https://www.fao.org/in-action/mafap/data/en

82 Ignaciuk, A., Kwon, J., Maggio, G., Mastrorillo, M. et Sitko, N.J. 2021. Harvesting trees to harvest cash crops: The role of internal migrants in forest land conversion in Uganda. Document de travail de la FAO sur l’économie du développement agricole n° 21-08. Rome, FAO. https://www.fao.org/3/cb7072en/cb7072en.pdf

83 Bunn, C., Lundy, M., Läderach, P., Fernández Kolb, P. et Castro-Llanos, F.A. 2019. Climate-smart coffee in Uganda. Cali (Colombie), CIAT. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/101331/Uganda%20Coffee%20brief.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Annexe 1

1 Lord, S. 2023. Hidden costs of agrifood systems and recent trends from 2016 to 2023. Document d’information établi aux fins de l’élaboration de La Situation mondiale de l’alimentation et de l’agriculture 2023. Étude technique de la FAO sur l’économie du développement agricole n° 31. Rome, FAO.

2 Leimbach, M., Kriegler, E., Roming, N. et Schwanitz, J. 2017. Future growth patterns of world regions – A GDP scenario approach. Global Environmental Change, 42: 215-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.02.005

3 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PAM et UNICEF. 2022. L’État de la sécurité alimentaire et de la nutrition dans le monde 2022. Réorienter les politiques alimentaires et agricoles pour rendre l’alimentation saine plus abordable. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0639fr

4 Afshin, A., Sur, P.J., Fay, K.A., Cornaby, L., Ferrara, G., Salama, J.S., Mullany, E.C. et al. 2019. Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet, 393(10184): 1958–1972. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30041-8”https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30041-8

5 FAO. 2023. Distribution des émissions. Dans: FAOSTAT. [Consulté le 5 juin 2023]. https://www.fao.org/faostat/fr/#data/EM/

6 FAO. 2023. AQUASTAT. [Consulté le 5 juin 2023]. https://tableau.apps.fao.org/views/ReviewDashboard-v1/country_dashboard?%3Adisplay_count=n&%3Aembed=y &%3AisGuestRedirectFromVizportal=y&%3Aorigin=viz_share_link&%3AshowAppBanner=false &%3AshowVizHome=n

7 Winkler, K., Fuchs, R., Rounsevell, M.D.A. et Herold, M. 2020. HILDA+ Global Land Use Change between 1960 and 2019. Dans: PANGAEA. [Consulté le 1er juin 2023]. https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.921846

8 Commission européenne. 2023. Global Air Pollutant Emissions – EDGAR v6.1. Dans: EDGAR – Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research. [Consulté le 1^er mars 2023]. https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset_ap61

9 Oreggioni, G.D., Monforti Ferraio, F., Crippa, M., Muntean, M., Schaaf, E., Guizzardi, D., Solazzo, E., Duerr, M., Perry, M. et Vignati, E. 2021. Climate change in a changing world: Socio-economic and technological transitions, regulatory frameworks and trends on global greenhouse gas emissions from EDGAR v.5.0. Global Environmental Change, 70: 102350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102350

10 Van Damme, M., Clarisse, L., Whitburn, S., Hadji-Lazaro, J., Hurtmans, D., Clerbaux, C. et Coheur, P.-F. 2018. Industrial and agricultural ammonia point sources exposed. Nature, 564(7734): 99-103. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0747-1

11 Beusen, A.H.W., Van Beek, L.P.H., Bouwman, A.F., Mogollón, J.M. et Middelburg, J.J. 2015. Coupling global models for hydrology and nutrient loading to simulate nitrogen and phosphorus retention in surface water – description of IMAGE–GNM and analysis of performance. Geoscientific Model Development, 8(12): 4045-4067. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-4045-2015

12 Beusen, A.H.W., Bouwman, A.F., Van Beek, L.P.H., Mogollón, J.M. et Middelburg, J.J. 2016. Global riverine N and P transport to ocean increased during the 20th century despite increased retention along the aquatic continuum. Biogeosciences, 13(8): 2441-2451. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2441-2016

13 FAO. 2022. Données de la sécurité alimentaire. Dans: FAOSTAT. [Consulté le 22 septembre 2022]. https://www.fao.org/faostat/fr/#data/FS

14 Banque mondiale. 2023. Poverty gap at $3.65 a day (2017 PPP) (%). Dans: Banque mondiale. [Consulté le 5 juin 2023]. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.LMIC.GP

15 Davis, B., Mane, E., Gurbuzer, L.Y., Caivano, G., Piedrahita, N., Schneider, K., Azhar, N. et al. 2023. Estimating global and country-level employment in agrifood systems. Documents de travail de la Division de la statistique de la FAO n° 23-34. Rome, FAO. https://www.fao.org/3/cc4337en/cc4337en.pdf

16 Castaneda, A., Doan, D., Newhouse, D., Nguyen, M.C., Uematsu, H. et Azevedo, J.P. 2016. Who are the Poor in the Developing World? Banque mondiale, Washington. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/ 84ef3eb9-aa97-5f9f-9960-c09d047503c4/content

17 IHME (Institut de métrologie sanitaire et d’évaluation). 2022. GBD Results. [Consulté le 23 septembre 2022]. https://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-results

18 Drewnowski, A. 2007. The real contribution of added sugars and fats to obesity. Epidemiologic Reviews, 29(1): 160-171. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxm011

19 Murray, C.J.L., Aravkin, A.Y., Zheng, P., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K.M., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Abd-Allah, F. et al. 2020. Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet, 396(10258): 1223-1249. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30752-2

20 Willett, W., Rockström, J., Loken, B., Springmann, M., Lang, T., Vermeulen, S., Garnett, T. et al. 2019. Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT–Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems. The Lancet, 393(10170): 447-492. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31788-4

21 Lord, S. 2022. Adjustments to SPIQ-FS marginal damage cost models to estimate damages in future scenarios. Documentation of the SPIQ-FS Dataset Version 0. Oxford (Royaume-Uni), Environmental Change Institute, Université d'Oxford. https://foodsivi.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/SPIQ-v0-C-Temporal-Projection-of-Costs.pdf

22 Lord, S. 2021. Estimation of marginal damage costs from reactive nitrogen emissions to air, surface waters and groundwater. Documentation of the SPIQ-FS Dataset Version 0. Oxford (Royaume-Uni), Environmental Change Institute, Université d'Oxford. https://foodsivi.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/SPIQ-v0-A-Marginal-Costs-4-Nitrogen_DRAFT.pdf

23 Lord, S. 2021. Estimation of marginal damage costs for loss of ecosystem services from land-use change or ecosystem degradation. Documentation of the SPIQ-FS Dataset Version 0. Oxford (Royaume-Uni), Environmental Change Institute, Université d'Oxford. https://foodsivi.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/SPIQ-v0-A-Marginal-Costs-3-Land-Use_DRAFT.pdf

24 Lord, S. 2021. Estimations of marginal social costs for GHG emissions. Documentation of the SPIQ-FS Dataset Version 0. Oxford (Royaume-Uni), Environmental Change Institute, Université d'Oxford. https://foodsivi.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/SPIQ-v0-A-Marginal-Costs-1-GHG_DRAFT.pdf

25 Lord, S. 2021. Estimation of marginal damage costs from water scarcity due to blue water withdrawal. Documentation of the SPIQ-FS Dataset Version 0. Oxford (Royaume-Uni), Environmental Change Institute, Université d'Oxford. https://foodsivi.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/SPIQ-v0-A-Marginal-Costs-2-Water_DRAFT.pdf

26 Paulus, E. et Lord, S. 2022. Estimation of marginal damage costs from consumption related health risks. SPIQ-FS Dataset Version 0. Oxford (Royaume-Uni), Université d'Oxford.

27 Nordhaus, W.D. 2017. Revisiting the social cost of carbon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(7): 1518-1523. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1609244114

28 IWG-SCGG. 2016. Technical Support Document: Technical Update of the Social Cost of Carbon for Regulatory Impact Analysis. Interagency Working Group on Social Cost of Greenhouse Gases. Washington, US Government. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-12/documents/sc_co2_tsd_august_2016.pdf

29 IWG-SCGG. 2016. Technical Support Document: Technical Update of the Social Cost of Carbon, Methane and Nitrous Oxide Interim Estimates under Executive Order 13990. Interagency Working Group on Social Cost of Greenhouse Gases. Washington, US Government. https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/TechnicalSupportDocument_SocialCostofCarbon MethaneNitrousOxide.pdf

30 Costanza, R., d’Arge, R., De Groot, R., Farber, S., Grasso, M., Hannon, B., Limburg, K. et al. 1997. The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature, 387(6630): 253–260. https://doi.org/10.1038/387253a0

31 De Groot, R., Brander, L., Van Der Ploeg, S., Costanza, R., Bernard, F., Braat, L., Christie, M. et al. 2012. Global estimates of the value of ecosystems and their services in monetary units. Ecosystem Services, 1(1): 50-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2012.07.005

32 OIT (Organisation internationale du Travail). 2022. Données. Dans: ILOSTAT. [Consulté le 15 mars 2023]. https://ilostat.ilo.org/fr/data

33 Banque mondiale. 2023. Agriculture, value added (% of GDP). Dans: Banque mondiale. [Consulté le 15 mars 2023]. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/jobs/Series/NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS#