Chapter 1

Agbeshie, A.A., Abugre, S., Atta-Darkwa, T. & Awuah, R. 2022. A review of the effects of forest fire on soil properties. Journal of Forestry Research, 33: 1419–1441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-022-01475-4

Barreiro, A. & Díaz-Raviña, M. 2021. Fire impacts on soil microorganisms: Mass, activity, and diversity. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, 22: 100264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2021.100264

Bezner Kerr, R., Hasegawa, T., Lasco, R., Bhatt, I., Deryng, D., Farrell, A., Gurney-Smith, H. et al. 2023. Food, Fibre, and Other Ecosystem Products. In: H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig et al., eds. Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK and New York, USA, Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009325844.007

Caretta, M.A., Mukherji, A., Arfanuzzaman, M., Betts, R.A., Gelfan, A., Hirabayashi, Y., Lissner, T.K. et al. 2022. Water. In: H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig et al., eds. Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK and New York, USA, Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009325844.006

Doerr, S.H., Santín, C. & Mataix-Solera, J. 2023. Fire effects on soil. Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment, 2: 448–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-822974-3.00106-3

Donley, N., Cox, C., Bennett, K., Temki, A.M., Andrews, D.Q. & Naidenko, O.V. 2024. Forever Pesticides: A Growing Source of PFAS Contamination in the Environment. Environmental Health Perspectives, 132(7): 075003. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13954

EM-DAT. 2024. The International Disaster Database. [Accessed on 10 May 2025]. http://www.emdat.be. Licence: CC-BY-NC-ND.

FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 2005. Statistical Yearbook of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Rome. https://www.fao.org/4/i3107e/i3107e05.pdf

FAO. 2017. The future of food and agriculture: Trends and challenges. Rome. https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/ede32306-aeec-4891-9fe6-7e4f2fd93143

FAO. 2019. The State of the World’s Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture. J. Bélanger & D. Pilling, eds. FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Assessments. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca3129en

FAO. 2022a. The State of the World’s Land and Water Resources for Food and Agriculture – Systems at breaking point. Main report. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb9910en

FAO. 2022b. FRA 2020 Remote Sensing Survey. FAO Forestry Paper, No. 186. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb9970en

FAO. 2022c. Framework for Action on Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture. FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb8338en

FAO. 2023a. Agrifood systems and land-related emissions. Global, regional and country trends, 2001–2021. FAOSTAT Analytical Briefs, No. 73. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc8543en

FAO. 2023b. Gap analysis to support due diligence in the avocado and pineapple sectors. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc4149en

FAO. 2023c. Sand and dust storms – A guide to mitigation, adaptation, policy and risk management measures in agriculture. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc8071en

FAO. 2023d. The Impact of Disasters on Agriculture and Food Security 2023 – Avoiding and reducing losses through investment in resilience. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc7900en

FAO. 2024a. Global status of salt affected soils. Main report. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cd3044en

FAO. 2024b. Cropland nutrient balance – Global, regional and country trends, 1961–2022. FAOSTAT Analytical Briefs, No. 95. Rome. https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd3164en

FAO. 2024c. Pesticides use and trade – 1990–2022. FAOSTAT Analytical Briefs, No. 89. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cd1486en

FAO. 2024d. The unjust climate – Measuring the impacts of climate change on rural poor, women and youth. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc9680en

FAO. 2025a. FAOSTAT: Fertilizers by nutrient. [Accessed on 13 February 2025]. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/RFN. Licence: CC-BY-4.0.

FAO. 2025b. FAOSTAT: Bioenergy. [Accessed on 13 February 2025]. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/BE. Licence: CC-BY-4.0.

FAO. 2025c. FAOSTAT: Temperature changes on land. [Accessed on 24 April 2025]. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/ET. Licence: CC-BY-4.0.

FAO. 2025d. Temperature change statistics 1961–2024 – Global, regional and country trends. FAOSTAT Analytical Briefs, No. 101. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cd4714en

FAO & UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). 2021. Global Assessment of Soil Pollution: Report. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb4894en

Giglio, L., Randerson, J.T., van der Werf, G.R., Kasibhatla, P.S., Collatz, G.J., Morton, D.C. & DeFries, R.S. 2010. Assessing variability and long-term trends in burned area by merging multiple satellite fire products. Biogeosciences, 7(3): 1171–1186. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-1171-2010

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2019. Summary for Policymakers. In: P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, E. Calvo Buendia, V. Masson-Delmotte, H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, P. Zhai et al., eds. Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/4/2019/12/02_Summary-for-Policymakers_SPM.pdf

IPCC. 2023. Summary for Policymakers. In: H. Lee & J. Romero, eds. Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Geneva, Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.59327/IPCC/AR6-9789291691647.001

JRC (Joint Research Centre of European Commission). 2018. Joint Research Centre Data Catalogue: Burnt area in the Global Wildfire Information System (version 2-3-1). [Accessed on April 2025]. http://data.europa.eu/89h/e6f7a4e7-1f64-4ba9-9363-6bc864ab4666. Licence: CC-BY-4.0.

Lin, M. & Begho, T. 2022. Crop residue burning in South Asia: A review of the scale, effect, and solutions with a focus on reducing reactive nitrogen losses. Journal of Environmental Management, 314: 115104. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479722006776

Maggi, F., Tang, F.H. & Tubiello, F.N. 2023. Agricultural pesticide land budget and river discharge to oceans. Nature, 620: 1013–1017. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06296-x

Ren, S., Wang, T., Guenet, B., Liu, D., Cao, Y., Ding, J. Smith, P. & Piao, S. 2024. Projected soil carbon loss with warming in constrained Earth system models. Nature Communications, 15(102): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44433-2

Rackelmann, F., Sparkes, E., Sabino Siemons, A.-S., Hashweh, D., Pineda Fernandez, D.M., Werners, S.E., Orr, B.J., Andreeva, O. & Walz, Y. 2024 Promoting synergies between land degradation neutrality and climate change adaptation: A supplement to the National Adaptation Plan technical guidelines. Bonn, Germany, UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification) & UNU-EHS (United Nations University Institute for Environment and Human Security). https://collections.unu.edu/view/UNU:10074

Raleigh, C., Kishi R., & Linke, A. 2023. Political instability patterns are obscured by conflict dataset scope conditions, sources, and coding choices. Humanities & Social Sciences Communications, 10(1): 1–17. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-023-01559-4.pdf

Seo, K.W., Ryu, D., Jeon, T., Youm, K., Kim, J.S., Oh, E. H. & Wilson, C.R. 2025. Abrupt sea level rise and Earth’s gradual pole shift reveal permanent hydrological regime changes in the 21st century. Science, 387(6741): 1408–1413. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq6529

Smith, P., Poch, R.M., Lobb, D.A., Bhattacharyya, R., Alloush, G., Eudoxie, G.D., Anjos, L.H.C. et al. 2024. Status of the World’s Soils. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 49: 73–104. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-030323-075629

Tang, F.H.M., Lenzen, M., McBratney, A. & Maggi, F. 2021. Risk of pesticide pollution at the global scale. Nature Geoscience, 14: 206–210. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00712-5

UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification). 2022a. The Global Land Outlook. Second edition. Bonn, Germany. https://www.unccd.int/resources/global-land-outlook/global-land-outlook-2nd-edition

UNCCD. 2022b. Sand and dust storms compendium: Information and guidance on assessing and addressing the risks. Bonn, Germany. https://www.unccd.int/resources/publications/sand-and-dust-storms-compendium-information-and-guidance-assessing-and

UNCCD. 2023. Global Drought Snapshot 2023: The need for proactive action. Bonn, Germany. https://www.unccd.int/sites/default/files/2023-12/Global%20drought%20snapshot%202023.pdf

UNCCD. n.d. UNCCD Data Dashboard: Land degradation and drought. [Accessed on 10 May 2025]. https://data.unccd.int. Licence: CC BY-NC 2.0.

UNEP. 2022. Global Peatlands Assessment – The State of the World’s Peatlands: Evidence for action toward the conservation, restoration, and sustainable management of peatlands. Main Report. Global Peatlands Initiative. Nairobi. https://www.unep.org/resources/global-peatlands-assessment-2022

UNEP & FAO. 2024. Global Nitrous Oxide Assessment. Nairobi. https://doi.org/10.59117/20.500.11822/46562

van Lierop, P., Lindquist, E., Sathyapala, S. & Franceschini, G. 2015. Global forest area disturbance from fire, insect pests, diseases and severe weather events. Forest Ecology and Management, 352: 78–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.06.010

World Bank. 2025. DataBank: Metadata Glossary. [Accessed on 1 April 2025]. Licence: CC-BY-4.0. https://databank.worldbank.org/metadataglossary/africa-development-indicators/series/NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.KD#:~:text=An%20international%20dollar%20has%20the,the%20value%20of%20the%20products

Ziadat, F., Conchedda, G., Haddad, F., Njeru, J., Brès, A., Dawelbait, M. & Li, L. 2025. Desertification and Agrifood Systems: Restoration of Degraded Agricultural Lands in the Arab Region. Agriculture, 15(12): 1249. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15121249

Chapter 2

FAO. 2020. The State of Food and Agriculture 2020 – Overcoming water challenges in agriculture. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb1447en

FAO. 2021. The State of the World’s Land and Water Resources for Food and Agriculture 2021 – Systems at breaking point. Synthesis report 2021. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb7654en

FAO. 2025a. FAOSTAT: Land use. [Accessed on 1 July 2025]. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/RL. Licence: CC-BY-4.0.

FAO. 2025b. Restoration of degraded agricultural lands – An urgent need for agrifood system transformation and land degradation neutrality. Rome. https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/077ccd0e-44ff-48ab-9d3d-27de52eca005/content

FAO & IIASA (International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis). 2025a. Global Agro-ecological Zoning version 5 (GAEZ v5) Model Documentation. [Cited 1 July 2025]. https://www.fao.org/gaez/en

FAO & IIASA. 2025b. FAO Agro-Ecological Zoning: Share of land cover class (Global - ~1 km) – GAEZ v5. [Accessed on 13 February 2025]. https://data.apps.fao.org/catalog/iso/f7bee2f1-3a48-4e86-a1d2-387023dec046. Licence: CC-BY-4.0.

Tubiello, F.N., Conchedda, G., Casse, L., Hao, P., Chen, Z., De Santis, G., Fritz, S. & Muchoney, D. 2022. Zenodo: High resolution cropland agreement map (30 m) circa 2020 (v1.0). [Accessed on 24 April 2025]. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7244123. Licence: CC-BY-4.0.

Tubiello, F.N., Conchedda, G., Casse, L., Hao, P., Chen, Z., De Santis, G., Fritz, S. & Muchoney, D. 2023a. Measuring the world’s cropland area. Nature Food, 4: 30–2. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.25868.39041

Tubiello, F.N., Conchedda, G., Casse, L., Hao, P., De Santis, G. & Chen, Z. 2023b. A new cropland area database by country circa 2020. Earth System Science Data, 15: 4997–5015. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-4997-2023

UNCCD. 2023. Global Drought Snapshot 2023: The need for proactive action. Bonn, Germany. https://www.unccd.int/sites/default/files/2023-12/Global%20drought%20snapshot%202023.pdf

Ziadat, F., Conchedda, G., Haddad, F., Njeru, J., Brès, A., Dawelbait, M. & Li, L. 2025. Desertification and Agrifood Systems: Restoration of Degraded Agricultural Lands in the Arab Region. Agriculture, 15(12): 1249. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15121249

Chapter 3

Bardgett, R.D., Bullock, J.M., Lavorel, S., Manning, P., Schaffner, U., Ostle, N., Chomel, M. et al. 2021. Combatting global grassland degradation. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 2(10): 720-735. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-021-00207-2

Csikós, N. & Tóth, G. 2023. Concepts of agricultural marginal lands and their utilisation: A review. Agricultural Systems, 204(6): 103560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2022.103560

FAO. 2012. Coping with water scarcity – An action framework for agriculture and food security. FAO Water Report, No 38. Rome. https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/i3015e

FAO. 2020. Position paper on “Ecosystem Restoration” of production ecosystems, in the context of the UN Decade of Ecosystem Restoration 2021-2030. Document of the Twenty-seven Session of the FAO Committee on Agriculture (COAG 27). https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/4fd1f1d8-8109-4caa-a820-b99f0c09b3c8/content

FAO. 2022. The State of the World’s Land and Water Resources for Food and Agriculture – Systems at breaking point. Main report. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb9910en

FAO. 2025a. FAOSTAT: Land Use. Rome. [Accessed on 13 February 2025]. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/RL. Licence: CC-BY-4.0.

FAO. 2025b. FAOSTAT: Crops and livestock products. [Accessed on 13 February 2025]. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL. Licence: CC-BY-4.0.

FAO. (forthcoming). Guidelines for integrated land-use planning – an update. Rome.

FAO & IIASA. 2025a. Global Agro-ecological Zoning version 5 (GAEZ v5) Model Documentation. [Cited 13 February 2025]. https://www.fao.org/gaez/en

FAO & IIASA. 2025b. FAO Agro-Ecological Zoning: Share of land cover class (Global - ~1 km) – GAEZ v5. [Accessed on 13 February 2025. https://data.apps.fao.org/catalog/iso/f7bee2f1-3a48-4e86-a1d2-387023dec046. Licence: CC-BY-4.0.

FAO & UN-Water. 2024. Progress on the level of water stress – Mid-term status of SDG Indicator 6.4.2 and acceleration needs, with special focus on food security, 2024. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cd2179en

Fischer, G., Hizsnyik, E., Prieler, S. & Wiberg, D. 2011. Scarcity and abundance of land resources: competing uses and the shrinking land resource base. SOLAW Background Thematic Report. Rome, FAO. https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/solaw/files/thematic_reports/TR_02_light.pdf

Fischer, G., Nachtergaele, F.O., van Velthuizen, H.T., Chiozza, F., Franceschini, G., Henry, M., Muchoney, D. & Tramberend, S. 2021. Global Agro-Ecological Zones – Model Documentation. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb4744en

Gerber, J.S., Ray, D.K., Makowski, D., Butler, E.E., Mueller, N.D., West, P.C., Johnson, J.A. et al. 2024. Global spatially explicit yield gap time trends reveal regions at risk of future crop yield stagnation. Nature Food, 5: 125–135. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-023-00913-8

Guo, X., Zhang, P. & Yue, Y. 2024. Global wheat planting suitability under the 1.5 °C and 2 °C warming targets. Frontiers in Plant Science, 15: 1410388. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2024.1410388

Habiba, U. & Abedin, M. 2024. Impacts and Adaptation Measures of Climate Change on Agriculture in Coastal Bangladesh. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Natural Hazard Science. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389407.013.416

IPCC. 2022. Summary for Policymakers. In: P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak et al., eds. Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK and New York, USA, Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157926.001

Jägermeyr, J., Müller, C., Ruane, A.C., Elliott, J., Balkovic, J., Castillo, O., Faye, B. et al. 2021. Climate impacts on global agriculture emerge earlier in new generation of climate and crop models. Nature Food, 2(11): 873–885. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-021-00400-y

Mombo, V.-G., Duvallet, M., Schaeffer, M. & Baarsch, F. 2025. Have crops already reached peak suitability: Assessing global climatic suitability decreases for crop cultivation. Environmental Research Letters, 20(3): 034009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/adacfe

Olsson, L., Barbosa, H., Bhadwal, S., Cowie, A., Delusca, K., Flores-Renteria, D., Hermans, K. et al. 2019. Land degradation. In: P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, E. Calvo Buendia, V. Masson-Delmotte, H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, P. Zhai et al., eds. Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157988.006

Ramankutty, N., Foley, J.A., Norman, J. & McSweeney, K. 2002. The global distribution of cultivable lands: Current patterns and sensitivity to possible climate change. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 11: 377–392. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1466-822x.2002.00294.x

Ricardo, D. 1817. On the principles of political economy and taxation. London, J.M. Dent and Sons.

Sacande, M, Guarnieri, L., Maniatis, D., Marchi, G., Martucci, A., Mollicone, D., Morales, C., Oubida, W.R. & Sanchez Paus Diaz, A. 2022. Africa Open Data for Environment, Agriculture and Land (DEAL) and Africa’s Great Green Wall. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0725en

Thornton, P.K., van de Steeg, J., Notenbaert, A. & Herrero, M. 2009. The impacts of climate change on livestock and livestock systems in developing countries: A review of what we know and what we need to know. Agricultural Systems, 101(3): 113–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2009.05.002

Tubiello, F.N., Conchedda, G., Casse, L., Hao, P., Chen, Z., De Santis, G., Fritz, S. & Muchoney, D. 2023a. Measuring the world’s cropland area. Nature Food, 4: 30–32. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.25868.39041

UNEP-WCMC (World Conservation Monitoring Centre) & IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). 2022. Protected Planet. [Accessed on 24 March 2025]. https://www.protectedplanet.net/en. Licence: CC-BY-4.0.

Zabel, F., Putzenlechner, B. & Mauser, W. 2014. Global Agricultural Land Resources – A High Resolution Suitability Evaluation and Its Perspectives until 2100 under Climate Change Conditions. PloS ONE, 9(9): 107522. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0114980

Chapter 4

Abate, T., Fisher, M., Abdoulaye, T., Kassie, G.T., Lunduka, R., Marenya, P. & Asnake, W. 2017. Characteristics of maize cultivars in Africa: How modern are they and how many do smallholder farmers grow? Agriculture & Food Security, 6(1): 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-017-0108-6

Agouridis, C.T., Workman, S.R., Warner, R.C. & Jennings, G.D. 2005. Livestock grazing management impacts on stream water quality: a review. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 41(3): 591–606. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2005.tb03757.x

Agrocomposta. 2021. Agrocompostaje en Comunidad de Madrid. [Cited 24 August 2024]. https://agrocomposta.org

Altieri, M.A. & Nicholls, C.I. 2018. Agroecología urbana: diseño de granjas urbanas ricas en biodiversidad, productivas y resilientes. Agro Sur, 46(2): 49–60. https://doi.org/10.4206/agrosur.2018.v46n2-07

Aquilani, C., Confessore, A., Bozzi, R., Sirtori, F. & Pugliese, C. 2022. Review: Precision Livestock Farming technologies in pasture-based livestock systems. Animal, 16(1): 100429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2021.100429

Barral, M.P., Rey Benayas, J.M., Meli, P. & Maceira, N.O. 2015. Quantifying the impacts of ecological restoration on biodiversity and ecosystem services in agroecosystems: A global meta-analysis. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 202: 223–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.01.009

Barrios, E., Coe, R., Place, F., Sileshi, G. W. & Sinclair, F. 2023. Nurturing Soil Life through Agroforestry. Rome, FAO. https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cc9088en

Beacham, A.M., Vickers, L.H. & Monaghan, J.M. 2019. Vertical farming: a summary of approaches to growing skywards. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 94(3): 277–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2019.1574214

Burt, C.M., Howes, D.J. & Mutziger, A. 2001. Evaporation Estimates for Irrigated Agriculture in California. Conference Proceedings of the Annual Irrigation Association meeting, ITRC Paper P01-002. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228465121

Butturini, M. & Marcelis, L.F.M. 2020. Vertical farming in Europe: Present status and outlook. In: T. Kozai, G. Niu & M. Takagakipp, eds. Plant Factory: An Indoor Vertical Farming System for Efficient Quality food production, pp. 77–91. Amsterdam, Kingdom of the Netherlands, Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816691-8.00004-2

Cancela, J.J., González, X.P., Vilanova, M. & Mirás-Avalos, J.M. 2019. Water Management Using Drones and Satellites in Agriculture. Water, 11(5): 874. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11050874

Centeri, C. 2022. Effects of Grazing on Water Erosion, Compaction and Infiltration on Grasslands. Hydrology, 9(2): 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology9020034

Clinton, N., Stuhlmacher, M., Miles, A.,Uludere, N., Wagner, M., Georgescu, M., Herwig, C. & Gong, P. 2018. A Global Geospatial Ecosystem Services Estimate of Urban Agriculture. Earth’s Future, 6: 40–60. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017EF000536

Coates, D. 2023. Ecosystem restoration and inland food fisheries in developing countries – opportunities for United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021–2023). FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular, No. 1231. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc7082en

Coates, D., Arthur, R., Bennett, A., Gondwe, E., Shrestha, R. & Valbo-Jørgensen, J. 2025. The role and potential of inland fisheries in low-emission food production and climate change mitigation. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular, No. 1284. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cd4601en

Dhakal, M., West, C.P., Villalobos, C., Brown, P. & Green, P.E. 2020. Interseeding alfalfa into native grassland for enhanced yield and water use efficiency. Agronomy Journal, 112(3): 1931–1942. https://doi.org/10.1002/agj2.20147

Díaz De Otálora, X., Epelde, L., Arranz, J., Garbisu, C., Ruiz, R. & Mandaluniz, N. 2021. Regenerative rotational grazing management of dairy sheep increases springtime grass production and topsoil carbon storage. Ecological Indicators, 125: 107484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107484

Döbert, T.F., Bork, E.W., Apfelbaum, S., Carlyle, C.N., Chang, S.X., Khatri-Chhetri, U., Silva Sobrinho, L., Thompson, R. & Boyce, M.S. 2021. Adaptive multi-paddock grazing improves water infiltration in Canadian grassland soils. Geoderma, 401: 115314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2021.115314

FAO. 1998. Modernization of irrigation system operations. Proceedings of the 5th ITIS network international meeting, Aurangabad, 28-30 October 1998. Rome. https://www.fao.org/4/X6626E/x6626e00.htm#TopOfPage

FAO. 2015. Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-Scale Fisheries in the Context of Food Security and Poverty Eradication. Rome. https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/edfffbfc-81e5-4208-a36f-334ff81ac10f/content

FAO. 2019. Ecosystem approach to fisheries management training course (Inland fisheries) – Volume 1: Handbook for trainees. Rome. https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/341bda85-3c16-4eb3-b789-d2c9d2b7522a/content

FAO. 2020a. Family Farming Knowledge Platform – Labour-saving technologies and practices: raised beds. In: FAO. [Cited 21 May 2025]. https://www.fao.org/family-farming/detail/en/c/1619238

FAO. 2020b. The State of Food and Agriculture 2020 – Overcoming water challenges in agriculture. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb1447en

FAO. 2021. Ecosystem approach to aquaculture management – Handbook. Yangon, Myanmar. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca7972en

FAO. 2022a. The State of the World’s Forests 2022 – Forest pathways for green recovery and building inclusive, resilient and sustainable economies. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb9360en

FAO. 2022b. FRA 2020 Remote Sensing Survey. FAO Forestry Paper, No. 186. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb9970en

FAO. 2022c. The State of the World’s Land and Water Resources for Food and Agriculture – Systems at breaking point. Main report. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb9910en

FAO. 2022d. Evaluation of the project “Action Against Desertification in support of the implementation of the Great Green Wall for the Sahara and the Sahel Initiative, the United Nations to Combat Desertification and Drought action plans in Fiji and Haiti, and South–South cooperation in the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States”. Project Evaluation Series, No. 05/2022. Rome. https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/2b52f96e-4331-492b-99d0-4879b97769fe

FAO. 2022e. Biodiversity for food and agriculture [infographic]. Rome. https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cc0045en

FAO. 2022f. Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security. First revision. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/i2801e

FAO. 2023. Hydroponics systems for smallholder vegetable production. Technical Fact Sheet, No. 13. https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/b920e1ae-feed-43e4-b64e-4e73a1a48a1d/content

FAO. 2024a. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024 – Blue Transformation in action. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cd0683en

FAO. 2024b. Restoration of degraded agricultural lands. Rome. https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd3109en

FAO. 2024c. The State of the World’s Forests 2024 – Forest-sector innovations towards a more sustainable future. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cd1211en

FAO. 2024d Guidelines for Sustainable Aquaculture. FAO Committee on Fisheries, Thirty-sixth Session, July 2024. Rome. https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/b87a56eb-749d-4e76-b952-413708c021e0/content

FAO. 2025a. Global Partnership Initiative for Plant Breeding Capacity Building. In: FAO. [Cited 1 August 2025]. https://www.fao.org/in-action/plant-breeding/zh

FAO. 2025b. Resilience and behaviour change assessment in Malawi in the districts of Mangochi, Ntcheu and Balaka. Rome. https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/73bb131e-642e-4499-abb8-85267162abff/content

FAO, IUFRO (International Union of Forest Research Organizations) & USDA (US Department of Agriculture). 2021. A guide to forest–water management. FAO Forestry Paper, No. 185. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb6473en

FAO, Rikolto & RUAF (Resource Centre for Urban Agriculture and Food Security). 2022. Urban and peri-urban agriculture sourcebook – From production to food systems. Rome, FAO and Rikolto. https://doi.org/10.4060

FAO, Duke University & WorldFish. 2023. Illuminating Hidden Harvests – The contributions of small-scale fisheries to sustainable development. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc6062en

FAO & AfDB (African Development Bank). 2024. Review of the state of world fishery resources – Inland fisheries. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular, No. 942, Rev. 4. Rome and Abidjan. https://doi.org/10.4060/cd2169en

Fayezizadeh, M.R., Ansari, N.A.Z., Albaji, M. & Khakeghi, E. 2021. Effects of hydroponic systems on yield, water productivity and stomatal gas exchange of greenhouse tomato cultivars. Agricultural Water Management, 258(1): 107171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2021.107171

Fofana, B, Sacande, M., Blagna, F., Dibloni, T.O., Compaore, E., Sanon, K.B., Maiga, Y. & Ouattara, A.S. 2020. Boosting land restoration success in the Great Green Wall through the use of symbiotic microorganisms for propagated tree seedlings. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v14i1.10

Goliński, P., Sobolewska, P., Stefańska, B. & Golińska, B. 2022. Virtual Fencing Technology for Cattle Management in the Pasture Feeding System – A Review. Agriculture, 13(1): 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13010091

Gregory, R., Funge-Smith, S.J. & Baumgartner, L. 2018. An ecosystem approach to promote the integration and coexistence of fisheries within irrigation systems. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular, No. 1169. Rome. https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/fd375848-3a3f-4ec7-a6bc-9d1a3948018e/content

Guo, X., Zhou, H., Dai, L., Li, J., Zhang, F., Li, Y., Lin, L. et al. 2021. Restoration of Degraded Grassland Significantly Improves Water Storage in Alpine Grasslands in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12: 778656. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.778656

Hartmann, L., Hansohm, J., Vellozo, L., Walinder, E., Orr, B.J., Andreeva, O. & Walz, Y. 2024. The contribution of land and water management approaches to Sustainable Land Management and achieving Land Degradation Neutrality. Bonn, Germany, UNU-EHS. https://collections.unu.edu/eserv/UNU:9640/Align_LDN_-_Webpdf.pdf

Hulvey, K.B., Mellon, C.D. & Kleinhesselink, A.R. 2021. Rotational grazing can mitigate ecosystem service trade-offs between livestock production and water quality in semi-arid rangelands. Journal of Applied Ecology, 58(10): 213–252. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13954

Ickowitz, A., McMullin, S., Rosenstock, T.S., Dawson, I.K., Rowland, D., Powell, B., Mausch, K. et al. 2022. Transforming food systems with trees and forests. The Lancet Planetary Health, 6(7): e632–e639. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00091-2

Jepson, W., Stellbauer, M. & Thomson, P. 2023. Revaluing multiple-use water services for food and water security. FAO Land and Water Discussion Paper, No. 19. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc7317en

Jones, J.B. 2014. Complete Guide for Growing Plants Hydroponically. First edition. Boca Raton, USA, CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/b16482

Kamran, M., Yan, Z., Jia, Q., Chang, S., Ahmad, I., Ghani, M.U. & Hou, F. 2022. Irrigation and nitrogen fertilization influence on alfalfa yield, nutritive value, and resource use efficiency in an arid environment. Field Crops Research, 284: 108587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2022.108587

Kassam, A., Friedrich, T. & Derpsch, R. 2022. Successful Experiences and Lessons from Conservation Agriculture Worldwide. Agronomy, 12(4): 769. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12040769

Lages Barbosa, G., Gadelha, F., Kublik, N., Proctor, A., Reichelm, L., Weissinger, E., Wohlleb, G.M. & Halden, R.U. 2015. Comparison of Land, Water, and Energy Requirements of lettuce Grown Using Hydroponic vs. Conventional Agricultural Methods. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(6): 6879–6891. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120606879

Lai, L. & Kumar, S. 2020. A global meta-analysis of livestock grazing impacts on soil properties. PLoS ONE, 15(8): e0236638. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236638

Laird, S., Muir, G., Shanley, P., Pierce, A., López Binnquist, C., de Beer, J., Vinceti, B. & Walter, S. 2024. Forests, trees and wild species in agrifood systems – Optimizing benefits for biodiversity, climate and health. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cd2883en

Lelièvre, F. & Volaire, F. 2009. Current and Potential Development of Perennial Grasses in Rainfed Mediterranean Farming Systems. Crop Science, 49(6): 2371–2378. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2009.06.0324

Liu, Y., Guo, L., Huang, Z., López-Vicente, M. & Wu, G.-L. 2020. Root morphological characteristics and soil water infiltration capacity in semi-arid artificial grassland soils. Agricultural Water Management, 235: 106153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106153

Lüscher, A., Barkaoui, K., Finn, J.A., Suter, D., Suter, M. & Volaire, F. 2022. Using plant diversity to reduce vulnerability and increase drought resilience of permanent and sown productive grasslands. Grass and Forage Science, 77(4): 235–246. https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12578

MAAIF (Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries). 2023. National plan of action for implementation of the voluntary guidelines for securing sustainable small-scale fisheries in the context of food security and poverty eradication (NPOA-SSF) in Uganda. Republic of Uganda. https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ssf/documents/npoa_uganda.pdf

Mekonnen, T.W., Mekbib, F., Amsalu, B., Gedil, M. & Labuschagne, M. 2022. Genotype by environment interaction and grain yield stability of drought tolerant cowpea landraces in Ethiopia. Euphytica, 218(5): 57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-022-03011-1

Minnemeyere, S., Laestadius, L. & Sizer, N. 2011. A world of opportunity. World Resource Institute. http://pdf.wri.org/world_of_opportunity_brochure_2011-09.pdf

Muchane, M.N., Sileshi, G.W., Gripenberg, S., Jonsson, M., Pumariño, L. & Barrios, E. 2020. Agroforestry boosts soil health in the humid and sub-humid tropics: A meta-analysis. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 295: 106899. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2020.106899

Muir, G.F., Sorrenti, S., Vantomme, P., Vidale, E., & Masiero, M. 2020. Into the wild: disentangling non-wood terms and definitions for improved forest statistics. International Forestry Review, 22(1): 101–119. https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/ca9347en

Ngaba, J., Mgelwa, A., Gurmesa, G.A., Uwiragiye, Y., Zhu, F., Qiu, Q., Fang, Y., Hu, B. & Rennenberg, H. 2023. Meta-analysis unveils differential effects of agroforestry on soil properties in different zonobiomes. Plant and Soil, 496(1): 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-023-06385-w

Pahlow, M., van Oel, P.R., Mekonnen, M.M. & Hoekstra, A.Y. 2015. Increasing pressure on freshwater resources due to terrestrial feed ingredients for aquaculture production. Science of The Total Environment, 536: 847–857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.124

Pastorelli, G., Serra, V., Vannuccini, C. & Attard, E. 2022. Opuntia spp. as alternative fodder for sustainable livestock production. Animals, 12(13): 1597. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12131597

Pek, E. 2022. The PRISM tool – Prioritization of irrigation schemes for modernization/rehabilitation. Rome, FAO. https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/300d5a5f-a773-4f7d-9589-0c2892b0171e/content

Pittelkow, C.M., Liang, X., Linquist, B.A., van Groenigen, K.J., Lee, J., Lundy, M.E., van Gestel, N., Six, J., Venterea, R.T & van Kessel, C. 2015. Productivity limits and potentials of the principles of conservation agriculture. Nature, 517: 365–368. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13809

Playán, E., Gimeno, Y., Lorenzo-González, M.A., Jiménez, A., López-Pardo, J.R., Oliván, I., Castillo, R. et al. 2024. Irrigation modernization in the Ebro – Aragón region of Spain: Past and future trends. Agricultural Water Management, 302: 108975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2024.108975

Pumariño, L., Sileshi, G.W., Gripenberg, S., Kaartinen, R., Barrios, E., Muchane, M.N., Midega, C. & Jonsson, M. 2015. Effects of agroforestry on pest, disease and weed control: A meta-analysis. Basic and Applied Ecology, 16(7): 573–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2015.08.006

Resh, H.M. 2022. Hydroponic Food Production: A Definitive guidebook for the Advanced Home Gardener and the Commercial Hydroponic Grower. Eighth edition. Boca Raton, USA, CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003133254

RUAF. 2017. Urban Agroecology. Urban Agriculture Magazine, No. 33. https://ruaf.org/document/urban-agriculture-magazine-no-33-urban-agroecology

Sacande, M., Parfondry, M. & Cicatiello, C. 2019. Restoration in Action Against Desertification: A manual for large-scale restoration to support rural communities’ resilience in Africa’s Great Green Wall. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca6932en

Sacande, M. & Muir, G. 2022. Restoring Food Systems with Nutritious Native Plants: Experiences from the African Drylands. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 44(2): S58–S68. https://doi.org/10.1177/03795721231190779

Shaw, B.J. 2017. Østergro Rooftop Farm – Community Supported Agriculture in the Middle of Copenhagen. In: C. Bieling & T. Plieninger, eds. The Science and Practice of Landscape Stewardship. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316499016.026

Shepherd, M., Nichols, S. & Selbie, D. 2021. An assessment of the role of soil organic matter in pasture resilience. NZGA: Research and Practice Series, 17: 179–190. https://doi.org/10.33584/rps.17.2021.3469

Smith, K. & Elgersma, A. 2021. Editorial – Annual and perennial forage legumes in dryland pasture systems. Grass and Forage Science, 76(1): 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12529

Stoner, S.W., Hoyt, A.M., Trumbore, S., Sierra, C.A., Schrumpf, M., Doetterl, S., Baisden, W.T. & Schipper, L.A. 2021. Soil organic matter turnover rates increase to match increased inputs in grazed grasslands. Biogeochemistry, 156(1): 145–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-021-00838-z

Taleb, M.H., Majidi, M.M., Pirnajmedin, F. & Maibody, S.A.M.M. 2023. Plant functional trait responses to cope with drought in seven cool-season grasses. Scientific Reports, 13(1): 5285. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-31923-y

Teague, R. & Kreuter, U. 2020. Managing Grazing to Restore Soil health, Ecosystem Function, and Ecosystem Services. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 4: 534187. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.534187

Udawatta, P.R., Rankoth, L. & Jose, S. 2019. Agroforestry and Biodiversity. Sustainability, 11(10): 2879. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11102879

van Delden, S.H., SharathKumar, M., Butturini, M., Graamans, L.J.A., Heuvelink, E., Kacira, M., Kaiser, E. et al. 2021. Current status and future challenges in implementing and upscaling vertical farming systems. Nature Food, 2(12): 944–956. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-021-00402-w

Wang, L., Ning, S., Zheng, W., Guo, J., Li, Y., Li, Y., Chen, X., Ben-Gal, A. & Wei, X. 2023. Performance analysis of two typical greenhouse lettuce production systems: Commercial hydroponic production and traditional soil cultivation. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14: 1165856. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1165856

Wisser, D., Grogan, D.S., Lanzoni, L., Tempio, G., Cinardi, G., Prusevich, A. & Glidden, S. 2024. Water Use in Livestock agri-Food Systems and Its Contribution to Local Water Scarcity: A Spatially Distributed Global Analysis. Water, 16(12): 1681. https://doi.org/10.3390/w16121681

Xu, R., Shi, W., Kamran, M., Chang, S., Jia, Q. & Hou, F. 2023. Grass-legume mixture and nitrogen application improve yield, quality, and water and nitrogen utilization efficiency of grazed pastures in the loess plateau. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1088849

Zomer, R.J., Antonio, T., Richard, C., Frank, P., Meine van, N. & Jianchu, X. 2009. Trees on farms: an update and reanalysis of agroforestry’s global extent and socio-ecological characteristics. Working Paper, No. 179. Bogor, Indonesia, World Agroforestry Centre. https://apps.worldagroforestry.org/downloads/Publications/PDFS/WP14064.pdf

Chapter 5

Agarwal, A., delos Angeles, M.S., Bhatia, R., Chéret, Davila-Poblete, S., Falkenmark, M., Villarreal, F.G. et al. 2000. Integrated Water Resources Management. TAC Background Papers, No. 4. Stockholm, Global Water Partnership. https://www.gwp.org/globalassets/global/toolbox/publications/background-papers/04-integrated-water-resources-management-2000-english.pdf

Al’Afghani, M, Văn Chính, L. & Hodgson, S. 2024. Asia-Pacific Region: Water tenure scoping studies in Indonesia and Viet Nam. In: S. Hodgson, V. Gillet, S. Espinosa Flor, S. Ramirez Fionda, B. Kiersch & D. Vallée, eds. 2024. Water tenure perspectives – Proceedings of the Water Tenure Mondays webinar series. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cd2941en

Bastin, J.-F., Finegold, Y., Garcia, C.A., Mollicone, D., Rezende, M., South, D., Zohner, C.M. & Crowther, T.W. 2019. The global tree restoration potential. Science, 365(6448): 76–79. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aax0848

Batchelor, C., Hoogeveen, J., Faures, J.M. & Peiser, L. 2016. Water accounting and auditing. A sourcebook. FAO Water Report, No. 43. Rome, FAO. https://www.fao.org/3/a-i5923e.pdf

Bojić, D., Clark, M. & Urban, K. 2022. Focus on governance for more effective policy and technical support. Governance and policy support framework paper. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0240en

Buchhorn, M., Bertels, L., Smets, B., De Roo, B., Lesiv, M., Tsendbazar, N.E., Masiliunas, D. & Li, L. 2020a. Algorithm theoretical basis document. In: Copernicus Land Monitoring Service (2015): Land Cover 2015-2019 (raster 100 m). https://doi.org/10.2909/c6377c6e-76cc-4d03-8330-628a03693042

Buchhorn, M., Lesiv, M., Erdene Tsendbazar, N., Herold, M., Bertels, L. & Smets, B. 2020b. Copernicus Global Land Cover Layers—Collection 2. Remote Sensing, 12(6): 1044. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12061044

Cabell, J.F. & Oelofse, M. 2012. An Indicator Framework for Assessing Agroecosystem Resilience. Ecology and Society, 17(1): 18. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26269017

CBD (Convention on Biological Diversity). 2018. The Pan-African Action Agenda on Ecosystem Restoration for increased Resilience. Montreal, Canada. https://www.cbd.int/doc/c/274b/80e7/34d341167178fe08effd0900/cop-14-afr-hls-04-final-en.pdf

CBD. 2022. Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (CBD/COP/DEC/15/4). Montreal, Canada, CBD Secretariat. https://www.cbd.int/doc/decisions/cop-15/cop-15-dec-04-en.pdf

CGIAR. n.d. Amplifying CGIAR impact with higher innovation readiness and use. In: CGIAR. [Cited 11 June 2025]. https://www.cgiar.org/portfolio-narrative/action-area-focus/regional-integrated-initiatives/#:~:text=For20example2C20the20CGIAR20Initiative20on20Diversification,million20people20that20watch20the20show20weekly

Cotula, L. & Knight, R. 2021. Protecting legitimate tenure rights: From concepts to practice. Legal Brief, No. 2. Rome, FAO. https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cb4489en

Davies, F. 2015. Analytical assessment report for the implementation of the Voluntary Guidelines on Responsible Governance of Tenure in the land, fisheries and forestry sectors of Sierra Leone. FAO Legal Papers, No. 96. Rome, FAO. https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/i5193e

Davis, B., de la O Campos, A.P., Farrae, M. & Winters, P. 2024. Whither the agricultural productivity-led model? Reconsidering resilient and inclusive rural transformation in the context of agrifood systems. Global Food Security, 43: 100812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2024.100812

Deininger, K., Selod, H. & Burns, A. 2012. The land governance assessment framework: identifying and monitoring good practice in the land sector. Washington, DC, World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/862461468327558327

Deutz, A., Heal, G.M., Niu, R., Swanson, E., Townshend, T., Zhu, L., Delmar, A., Meghji, A., Sethi, S. A. & Tobinde la Puente, J. 2020. Financing nature: Closing the global biodiversity financing gap. The Paulson Institute, The Nature Conservancy and the Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.26226.32968

EIB (European Investment Bank). n.d. Investing in nature: Financing conservation and nature-based solutions. A Practical Guide for Europe including how to access support from the European Investment Bank’s dedicated Natural Capital Financing Facility. Luxembourg. https://www.eib.org/attachments/pj/ncff-invest-nature-report-en.pdf

Espinosa, S. & Kiersch, B. 2024. The benefits of a water tenure perspective: Knowledge from a pilot exercise in Rwanda, Senegal and Sri Lanka. In: S. Hodgson, V. Gillet, S. Espinosa Flor, S. Ramirez Fionda, B. Kiersch & D. Vallée, eds. Water tenure perspectives – Proceedings of the Water Tenure Mondays webinar series. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cd2941en

FAO. 2016a. Responsible governance of tenure and the law – A guide for lawyers and other legal service providers. Governance of Tenure Technical Guide, No. 5. Rome. https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/62029425-d044-4a47-8295-15ad62222b3a/content

FAO. 2016b. Exploring the concept of water tenure. Rome. http://www.fao.org/3/i5435e/i5435e.pdf

FAO. 2017a. Land resource planning for sustainable land management – Current and emerging needs in land resource planning for food security, sustainable livelihoods, integrated landscape management and restoration. Land and Water Division Working Paper, No 14. Rome. https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/710fc58f-00c6-4855-b4ea-c455048bd49f/content

FAO. 2017b. Sustainable Land Management (SLM) in practice in the Kagera Basin – Lessons learned for scaling up at landscape level. Results of the Kagera Transboundary Agro-ecosystem Management Project (Kagera TAMP). Rome. https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/i6085e

FAO. 2018. Sustainable food systems: Concept and framework. Rome. https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/b620989c-407b-4caf-a152-f790f55fec71/content

FAO. 2019. Disaster risk reduction at farm level: Multiple benefits, no regrets. Rome. https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/7ac8df23-ca71-4e25-ab3a-b7411b14393c/content

FAO. 2020. Unpacking water tenure for improved food security and sustainable development. Land and Water Discussion Papers. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb1230en

FAO, UNDP & UNEP. 2021. A multi-billion-dollar opportunity – Repurposing agricultural support to transform food systems. In brief. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb6683en

FAO. 2022a. Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security. First revision. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/i2801e

FAO. 2022b. Governance of tenure of water resources for food and agriculture. FAO Committee on Agriculture, COAG/2022/15. Rome. https://www.fao.org/3/nj011en/nj011en.pdf

FAO. 2022c. Report of the 28th Session of the Committee on Agriculture, Rome, 18–22 July 2022. Rome. https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/e9afa285-7dd8-44e7-a606-e16a6ad9181e/content

FAO. 2023a. UN 2023 Water Conference Side Event – National Water Roadmaps towards the 2030 Agenda, 22 March 2023. Rome. https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/249799bf-8013-4cf9-9f04-9feaa73f0b9a/content

FAO. 2023b. The State of Food and Agriculture: Integrated Water Resources Management. Forty-third Session of the Conference, Rome, 1–7 July 2023. Rome. https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/efc7f055-1c0a-485c-9b2a-fef65ee2ef21/content

FAO. 2023c. Harnessing the potential of the 10 Elements of Agroecology to facilitate agrifood systems transformation – From visual narratives to integrated policy design. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc4049en

FAO. 2023d. The impact of disasters on agriculture and food security 2023 – Avoiding and reducing losses through investment in resilience. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc7900en

FAO. 2024a. Ministerial Declaration on managing water scarcity and reversing soil degradation for sustainable and resilient agrifood systems. International Soil and Water Forum 2024, 9–11 December 2024, Bangkok. Rome. https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/cf23366f-c14e-4eb5-b88b-f29d27fb3661

FAO. 2024b. Water auditing/water governance analysis – Governance and policy support: Methodological framework. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc8993en

FAO. 2024c. Promoting water tenure for food security, climate resilience and equity – Workshop report. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cd0222en

FAO. 2025a. Transforming food and agriculture through a systems approach. Rome.

FAO. 2025b. FAO Conceptual Framework for Integrated Land and Water Resources Management. Rome. https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/150d29a2-8b0e-43fe-a060-24b70f56e38b

FAO. (forthcoming). FAO guidelines for integrated land-use planning – an update. Rome.

FAO & AfDB. 2024. Review of the state of world fishery resources – Inland fisheries. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular, No. 942, Rev. 4. Rome and Abidjan. https://doi.org/10.4060/cd2169en

FAO & UNCCD. 2022. Technical Guide on the integration of the Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the context of national food security into the implementation of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification and Land Degradation Neutrality. Rome and Bonn, Germany. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb9656en

FAO & UNCCD. 2024. UNCCD-FAO Initiative on land tenure. Rome. https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd3498en

FAO, IUCN, CEM (Commission on Ecosystem Management) & SER (Society for Ecological Restoration). 2021. Principles for ecosystem restoration to guide the United Nations Decade 2021–2030. Rome, FAO. https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/b234f058-9f77-4481-b870-a7fa2e7ad5f8/content

Ghosh, E., Kemp-Benedict, E., Huber-Lee, A., Nazareth, A. & Oudra, I. 2022. Investing in agricultural, water, sustainably – Recent trends in financing institutions. FAO Investment Centre – Directions in Investment, No. 7. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc1212en

Gliessman, S. 2007. Agroecology: The ecology of sustainable food systems. Second edition. Boca Raton, USA, CRC Press.

Gliessman, S. 2018. Defining Agroecology. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 42(6). https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2018.1432329

Hernández Lagana, M., Phillips, S. & Poisot, A. 2022. Self-evaluation and Holistic Assessment of Climate Resilience of Farmers and Pastoralists (SHARP+) – A new guidance document for practitioners. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb7399en

Hodgson, S., Gillet, V., Espinosa Flor, S., Ramirez Fionda, S., Kiersch, B. & Vallée, D., eds. 2024. Water tenure perspectives – Proceedings of the Water Tenure Mondays webinar series. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cd2941en

Hodgson, S., Rothe, A.-K., Espinosa Flor, S., Troell, J. & Kiersch, B. 2024. Water tenure assessment. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cd1853en

Huber-Lee, A., Kemp-Benedict, E., Gosh, E., Nazareth, A. & Oudra, I. 2021. Investing in agricultural water management – Pathways to a sustainable future. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb8059en

IDH (Sustainable Trade Initiative). 2021. Inclusive investments in sustainable land management to help achieve land degradation neutrality. New insights from the Land Degradation Neutrality Fund and Technical Assistance Facility. Learning brief. Utrecht, Kingdom of the Netherlands, IDH, Mirova, UNCCD, AFD, WWF & GEF. https://www.idhsustainabletrade.com/uploaded/2021/03/2020-LDN-Report-10.5-Large.pdf

IPBES (Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services). 2018. The IPBES assessment report on land degradation and restoration. Bonn, Germany, Secretariat of IPBES. https://files.ipbes.net/ipbes-web-prod-public-files/2018_ldr_full_report_book_v4_pages.pdf

IPCC. 2019. Summary for Policymakers. In: P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, E. Calvo Buendia, V. Masson-Delmotte, H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, P. Zhai et al., eds. Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157988.001

IPCC. 2022. Summary for Policymakers. In: P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak et al., eds. Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK and New York, USA, Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009157926.001

LPFN (Landscapes for People, Food and Nature Initiative). 2015. Landscape partnerships for sustainable development: achieving the SDGs through integrated landscape management. https://peoplefoodandnature.org/publication/landscape-partnerships-for-sustainable-development

Mazzucato, M., Okonjo-Iweala, N., Rockström, J. & Shanmugaratnam, T. 2004. The economics of water: Valuing the hydrological cycle as a global common good. Colombo, Sri Lanka, Global Commission on the Economics of Water. https://economicsofwater.watercommission.org/report/economics-of-water.pdf

Meybeck, A., Cintori, L., Cavatassi, R., Gitz, V., Gordes, A., Albinelli, I., Opio, C. et al. 2024. Natural resources management for resilient inclusive rural transformation. Global Food Security, 42: 100794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2024.100794

Mottet, A., Bicksler, A., Lucantoni, D., De Rosa, F., Scherf, B., Scopel, E., López-Ridaura, S. et al. 2020. Assessing Transitions to Sustainable Agricultural and Food Systems: A Tool for Agroecology Performance Evaluation (TAPE). Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 4: 579154. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.579154

Nilsson, M., Griggs, D. & Visbeck, M. 2016. Policy: Map the interactions between Sustainable Development Goals. Nature, 534(7607): 320–322. https://doi.org/10.1038/534320a

Orr, B.J., Cowie, A.L., Castillo Sanchez, V.M., Chasek, P., Crossman, N.D., Erlewein, A., Louwagie, G. et al. 2017. Scientific Conceptual Framework for Land Degradation Neutrality. A Report of the Science-Policy Interface. Bonn, Germany, UNCCD. https://www.unccd.int/sites/default/files/documents/2019-06/LDN_CF_report_web-english.pdf

Simionesei, L., Ramos, T.B., Palma, J., Oliveira, A.R. & Neves, R. 2020. IrrigaSys: A web-based irrigation decision support system based on open-source data and technology. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 178: 105822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2020.105822

Tittonell, P. 2023. A Systems Approach to Agroecology. Cham, Switzerland, Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42939-2

United Nations. 2023a. Summary of Proceedings of the United Nations Conference on the Midterm Comprehensive Review of the Implementation of the Objectives of the International Decade for Action “Water for Sustainable Development”, 2018–2028. New York, USA. https://www.un.org/pga/77/wp-content/uploads/sites/105/2023/05/PGA77-Summary-for-Water-Conference-2023.pdf

United Nations. 2023b. Political declaration of the high-level political forum on sustainable development convened under the auspices of the General Assembly. New York, USA. https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n23/306/65/pdf/n2330665.pdf

UNCCD. 2019. Decision 26/COP.14 Land tenure. Bonn, Germany. https://www.unccd.int/sites/default/files/sessions/documents/2019-11/26-cop14.pdf

UNCCD. 2022. Decision 27/COP.15 Follow-up on policy frameworks and thematic issues: Land tenure. Bonn, Germany. https://www.unccd.int/sites/default/files/2022-10/27_cop15.pdf

UNCCD. 2023. Integrated Land Use Planning and Integrated Landscape Management for Land Degradation Neutrality. SPI Science-Policy Brief. Bonn, Germany. https://www.unccd.int/resources/brief/science-policy-brief-integrated-land-use-planning-and-integrated-landscape

UNEP. 2016. Unlocking the sustainable potential of land resources: Evaluation systems, strategies and tools. A Report of the Working Group on Land and Soils of the International Resource Panel. https://www.resourcepanel.org/reports/unlocking-sustainable-potential-land-resources#report

Verburg, P., Metternicht, G., Allen, C., Debonne, N., Akhtar-Schuster, M., Inácio da Cunha, M., Karim et al. 2019. Creating an Enabling Environment for Land Degradation Neutrality and its potential contribution to enhancing wellbeing, livelihoods and the environment. A Report of the Science-Policy Interface. Bonn, Germany, UNCCD. https://www.unccd.int/sites/default/files/2019-08/UNCCD_SPI_2019_Report_1.2.pdf

Ziadat, F., Berkat, O., Ouchna, R., Touami, M., Fetsi, T., Harari, N., Mekdaschi Studer, R. & Schlingloff, S. 2022. Participatory land resources planning to promote sustainable landscape management in rainfed areas-Morocco. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 6.  https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2022.848043

ANNEX

C3S (Copernicus Climate Change Service). 2023. Climate Data Store: Agrometeorological indicators from 1979 to present derived from reanalysis. Copernicus Climate Data Store (CDS). [Accessed on 13 February 2025]. https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.6c68c9bb

FAO. 1976. A framework for land evaluation. FAO Soils Bulletin, No. 32. Rome. https://www.fao.org/4/x5310e/x5310e00.htm

FAO. 2025. FAOSTAT: Crops and livestock products. [Accessed on 13 February 2025]. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL. Licence: CC-BY-4.0.

Fischer, G., Nachtergaele, F.O., van Velthuizen, H.T., Chiozza, F., Franceschini, G., Henry, M., Muchoney, D., & Tramberend, S. 2021. Global Agro-Ecological Zones v4 – Model documentation. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb4744en

IPCC. 2023. Sections. In: H. Lee & J. Romero, eds. Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 35–115. https://doi.org/10.59327/IPCC/AR6-9789291691647

back to top