CAPÍTULO 1

1 FAO (Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura), FIDA (Fondo Internacional de Desarrollo Agrícola), OMS (Organización Mundial de la Salud), PMA (Programa Mundial de Alimentos) y UNICEF (Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia). 2017. El estado de la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición en el mundo 2017. Fomentando la resiliencia en aras de la paz y la seguridad alimentaria. Roma, FAO. https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/9de8ca8e-034f-4544-80ab-6e2accc7dc98

2 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PMA y UNICEF. 2018. El estado de la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición en el mundo 2018. Fomentando la resiliencia climática en aras de la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición. Roma, FAO. https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/22404554-c2f1-4a28-bf5e-a01996ad4b2e

3 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PMA y UNICEF. 2019. El estado de la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición en el mundo 2019. Protegerse frente a la desaceleración y el debilitamiento de la economía. Roma, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/CA5162ES

4 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PMA y UNICEF. 2020. El estado de la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición en el mundo 2020. Transformación de los sistemas alimentarios para que promuevan dietas asequibles y saludables. Roma, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9692es

5 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PMA y UNICEF. 2021. El estado de la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición en el mundo 2021. Transformación de los sistemas alimentarios en aras de la seguridad alimentaria, una nutrición mejorada y dietas asequibles y saludables para todos. Roma, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb4474es

6 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PMA y UNICEF. 2023. El estado de la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición en el mundo 2023. Urbanización, transformación de los sistemas agroalimentarios y dietas saludables a lo largo del continuo rural-urbano. Roma, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc3017es

7 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PMA y UNICEF. 2022. El estado de la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición en el mundo 2022. Adaptación de las políticas alimentarias y agrícolas para hacer las dietas saludables más asequibles. Roma, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0639es

CAPÍTULO 2

1 Red de Información sobre Seguridad Alimentaria y Red mundial contra las crisis alimentarias. 2024. Global Report on Food Crises 2024. Roma. https://www.fsinplatform.org/report/global-report-food-crises-2024

2 CIF (Clasificación Integrada de la Seguridad Alimentaria en Fases). 2024. IPC. [Consultado el 29 de mayo de 2024]. https://www.ipcinfo.org

3 CIF. 2024. IPC Global Initiative - Special Brief: The Gaza Strip. https://www.ipcinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ipcinfo/docs/IPC_Gaza_Strip_Acute_Food_Insecurity_Feb_July2024_Special_Brief.pdf

4 CIF. 2021. Technical Manual Version 3.1. Evidence and standards for better food security and nutrition decisions. Roma. https://www.ipcinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ipcinfo/manual/IPC_Technical_Manual_3_Final.pdf

5 FMI (Fondo Monetario Internacional). 2024. World Economic Outlook. Steady but slow: resilience amid divergence. Washington, D. C. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/Issues/2024/04/16/world-economic-outlook-april-2024

6 FMI. 2019. IMF: World Economic Outlook (WEO) database, October 2019. [Consultado el 24 de junio de 2024]. www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2019/October

7 FAO, Banco Mundial, OCDE (Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos), ONU-Hábitat (Programa de las Naciones Unidas para los Asentamientos Humanos) y Unión Europea. 2021. Aplicación del grado de urbanización. Manual metodológico para definir ciudades, localidades (o pueblos) y zonas rurales para comparaciones internacionales. Edición de 2021. Luxemburgo, Oficina de Publicaciones de la Unión Europea. https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2785/813729

8 FAO. 2020. Efectos de la COVID-19 en hombres y en mujeres y respuestas políticas equitativas en el ámbito de la agricultura, la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición. Roma. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9198es

9 ONU-Mujeres. 2020. Whose time to care? Unpaid care and domestic work during COVID-19. Nueva York (Estados Unidos de América). https://data.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/inline-files/Whose-time-to-care-brief_0.pdf

10 Mane, E., Giaquinto, A.M., Cafiero, C., Viviani, S. y Anríquez, G. 2024. Why are women more food insecure than men? Exploring socioeconomic drivers and the role of COVID-19 in widening the global gender gap. Roma. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc9160en

11 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PMA y UNICEF. 2018. El estado de la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición en el mundo. Fomentando la resiliencia climática en aras de la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición. Roma, FAO. https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/22404554-c2f1-4a28-bf5e-a01996ad4b2e

12 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PMA y UNICEF. 2020. El estado de la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición en el mundo 2020. Transformación de los sistemas alimentarios para que promuevan dietas asequibles y saludables. Roma, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9692es

13 Verger, E.O., Savy, M., Martin-Prevel, Y., Coates, J., Frongillo, E., Neufeld, L., Saha, K., et al. 2023. Healthy diet metrics: A suitability assessment of indicators for global and national monitoring purposes. Ginebra (Suiza), OMS. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240072138

14 OMS. 2020. Healthy diet. En: OMS. [Consultado el 29 de mayo de 2024]. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet

15 FAO y OMS. 2019. Dietas saludables sostenibles: principios rectores. Roma. https://doi.org/10.4060/CA6640ES

16 OMS. 2023. Use of non-sugar sweeteners: WHO guideline. Ginebra (Suiza). https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240073616

17 OMS. 2023. Total fat intake for the prevention of unhealthy weight gain in adults and children: WHO guideline. Ginebra (Suiza). https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240073654

18 OMS. 2023. Saturated fatty acid and trans-fatty acid intake for adults and children: WHO guideline. Ginebra (Suiza). https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240073630

19 OMS. 2023. Carbohydrate intake for adults and children: WHO guideline. Ginebra (Suiza). https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240073593

20 Alvarez-Sanchez, C., Moltedo, A., Troubat, N., Manyani, T., Yassin, F., Kepple, A. y Cafiero, C. 2021. The relationship between food insecurity and dietary outcomes – An analysis conducted with nationally representative data from Kenya, Mexico, Samoa, and the Sudan. Serie de documentos de trabajo sobre estadística de la FAO 21-25. Roma, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb6217en

21 Maitra, C. 2018. A review of studies examining the link between food insecurity and malnutrition. Roma, FAO. https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/ca1447en

22 Global Diet Quality Project. 2024. Global Diet Quality Project. [Consultado el 25 de abril de 2024]. https://www.dietquality.org

23 Women’s Dietary Diversity Project (WDDP) Study Group. 2017. Development of a dichotomous indicator for population-level assessment of dietary diversity in women of reproductive age. En: Current Developments in Nutrition, 1(12): cdn.117.001701. https://doi.org/10.3945/cdn.117.001701

24 FAO. 2023. Seguimiento de los progresos relativos a los indicadores de los ODS relacionados con la alimentación y la agricultura 2023. Roma. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc7088es

25 Herforth, A., Bai, Y., Venkat, A., Mahrt, K., Ebel, A. y Masters, W. A. 2020. Cost and affordability of healthy diets across and within countries. Background paper for The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2020. Estudio técnico de la División de Economía del Desarrollo Agrícola de la FAO n.o 9. Roma, FAO. https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/5c33ca33-53e8-4ec6-89c5-f398bcfbf3c3

26 Banco Mundial. 2024. Programa de Comparación Internacional (PCI). En: Banco Mundial. [Consultado el 29 de mayo de 2024]. https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/icp

27 Bai, Y., Conti, V., Ebel, A., Cafiero, C., Herforth, A., Rissanen, M.O., Rosero Moncayo, J. y Masters, W.A. (En prensa). Methods for monitoring the cost of a healthy diet based on price data from the International Comparison Program. Documentos de trabajo de la División de Estadística de la FAO. Roma, FAO.

28 Herforth, A., Venkat, A., Bai, Y., Costlow, L., Holleman, C. y Masters, W.A. 2022. Methods and options to monitor the cost and affordability of a healthy diet globally. Background paper to The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2022. Documento de trabajo de la División de Economía del Desarrollo Agrícola de la FAO 22-03. Roma, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc1169en

29 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PMA y UNICEF. 2022. El estado de la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición en el mundo 2022. Adaptación de las políticas alimentarias y agrícolas para hacer las dietas saludables más asequibles. Roma, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0639es

30 Jolliffe, D. y Prydz, E.B. 2021. Societal poverty: a relative and relevant measure. En: The Banco Mundial Economic Review, 35(1): 180-206. https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhz018

31 Bai, Y., Herforth, A., Cafiero, C., Conti, V., Rissanen, M.O., Masters, W.A. y Rosero Moncayo, J. (En prensa). Methods for monitoring the affordability of a healthy diet. Documentos de trabajo de la División de Estadística de la FAO. Roma, FAO.

32 Gerszon Mahler, D., Yonzan, N., Hill, R., Lakner, C., Wu, H. e Yoshida, N. 2022. Pandemic, prices, and poverty. En: World Bank Blogs. [Consultado el 29 de mayo de 2024]. https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/opendata/pandemic-prices-and-poverty

33 FAO. 2024. Índice de precios de los alimentos de la FAO. En: Situación Alimentaria Mundial. [Consultado el 29 de mayo de 2024]. https://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/foodpricesindex/es

34 Banco Mundial. 2024. Banco Mundial. DataBank: World Development Indicators. [Consultado el 14 de marzo de 2024]. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators

35 FMI. 2022. Macroeconomic developments and prospects in low-income countries - 2022. Policy Papers, 2022(054). https://doi.org/10.5089/9798400227813.007.A001

36 Movimiento SUN. 2015. Linking nutrition and the SDGs. En: Movimiento SUN. [Consultado el 30 de abril de 2024]. https://scalingupnutrition.org/resources/nutrition-info/nutrition-action/linking-nutrition-and-sdgs

37 OMS. 2024. SDG Target 2.2 Malnutrition. En: WHO The Global Health Observatory. [Consultado el 25 de abril de 2024]. https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/topics/sdg-target-2_2-malnutrition

38 OMS y UNICEF. 2019. The extension of the 2025 maternal, infant and young child nutrition targets to 2030. WHO/UNICEF discussion paper. Ginebra (Suiza) y Nueva York (Estados Unidos de América). https://data.unicef.org/resources/who-unicef-discussion-paper-nutrition-targets

39 ECOSOC (Consejo Económico y Social de las Naciones Unidas). 2020. Report of the Inter-Agency and Expert Group on Sustainable Development Goal Indicators. https://tcg.uis.unesco.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2020/10/TCG-7-REF-1.pdf

40 OMS. 2013. Global action plan for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases 2013-2020. Ginebra (Suiza). https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241506236

41 Comité Permanente de Nutrición de las Naciones Unidas. 2024. The Decade of Action on Nutrition 2016-2025. En: UNSCN. [Consultado el 25 de abril de 2024]. https://www.unscn.org/en/topics/un-decade-of-action-on-nutrition

42 Herman, D.R., Taylor Baer, M., Adams, E., Cunningham-Sabo, L., Duran, N., Johnson, D.B. y Yakes, E. 2014. Life course perspective: Evidence for the role of nutrition. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 18(2): 450-461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-013-1280-3

43 Stevens, G.A., Beal, T., Mbuya, M.N.N., Luo, H., Neufeld, L.M., Addo, O.Y., Adu-Afarwuah, S. et al. 2022. Micronutrient deficiencies among preschool-aged children and women of reproductive age worldwide: a pooled analysis of individual-level data from population-representative surveys. The Lancet Global Health, 10(11): e1590-e1599. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00367-9

44 Berger, S.G., de Pee, S., Bloem, M.W., Halati, S. y Semba, R.D. 2007. Malnutrition and morbidity are higher in children who are missed by periodic vitamin A capsule distribution for child survival in rural Indonesia. The Journal of Nutrition, 137(5): 1328-1333. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/137.5.1328

45 Barker, D.J. 1995. Fetal origins of coronary heart disease. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 311(6998): 171-174. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.311.6998.171

46 Karakochuk, C.D., Whitfield, K.C., Green, T.J. y Kraemer, K. (coords.). 2017. The biology of the first 1,000 days. Boca Raton (Estados Unidos de América), CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315152950

47 Perumal, N., Blakstad, M.M., Fink, G., Lambiris, M., Bliznashka, L., Danaei, G. y Sudfeld, C.R. 2021. Impact of scaling up prenatal nutrition interventions on human capital outcomes in low- and middle-income countries: a modeling analysis. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 114(5): 1708-1718. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqab234

48 Lassi, Z.S., Padhani, Z.A., Rabbani, A., Rind, F., Salam, R.A., Das, J.K. y Bhutta, Z.A. 2020. Impact of dietary interventions during pregnancy on maternal, neonatal, and child outcomes in low- and middle-income countries. Nutrients, 12(2): 531. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020531

49 Martorell, R., Melgar, P., Maluccio, J.A., Stein, A.D. y Rivera, J.A. 2010. The nutrition intervention improved adult human capital and economic productivity. The Journal of Nutrition, 140(2): 411. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.109.114504

50 1,000 Days. 2024. Building brains. En: 1,000 Days. [Consultado el 25 de abril de 2024]. https://thousanddays.org/why-1000-days/building-brains

51 Bhutta, Z.A., Norris, S.A., Roberts, M. y Singhal, A. 2023. The global challenge of childhood obesity and its consequences: what can be done? The Lancet Global Health, 11(8): e1172-e1173. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00284-X

52 Saad, R.A. y Qutob, H.M. 2022. The relationship between anemia and obesity. Expert Review of Hematology, 15(10): 911-926. https://doi.org/10.1080/17474086.2022.2131521

53 Clark, P. 2024. Iron deficiency related to obesity. Journal of Infusion Nursing, 47(3): 163-174. https://doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000000546

54 UNCTAD (Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Comercio y Desarrollo). 2024. UN list of least developed countries. En: UNCTAD. [Consultado el 25 de abril de 2024]. https://unctad.org/topic/least-developed-countries/list

55 UNCTAD. 2024. Least Developed Countries category. En: Naciones Unidas. [Consultado el 25 de abril de 2024]. https://www.un.org/ohrlls/content/ldc-category

56 Popkin, B.M., Corvalan, C. y Grummer-Strawn, L.M. 2020. Dynamics of the double burden of malnutrition and the changing nutrition reality. The Lancet, 395(10217): 65-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32497-3

57 Osendarp, S.J.M., Brown, K.H., Neufeld, L.M., Udomkesmalee, E. y Moore, S.E. 2020. The double burden of malnutrition—further perspective. The Lancet, 396(10254): 813. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31364-7

58 OMS. 2017. The double burden of malnutrition: policy brief. Ginebra (Suiza). www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-NMH-NHD-17.3

59 NCD-RisC (NCD Risk Factor Collaboration). 2024. NCD-RisC. [Consultado el 25 de abril de 2024]. https://ncdrisc.org

60 NCD-RisC. 2024. Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults. The Lancet, 403(10431): 1027-1050. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02750-2

61 OMS. 2024. Growth reference data for 5-19 years. En: OMS. [Consultado el 25 de abril de 2024]. https://www.who.int/tools/growth-reference-data-for-5to19-years

62 DAES (Departamento de Asuntos Económicos y Sociales). 2022. World Population Prospects 2022. En: Naciones Unidas. [Consultado el 24 de julio de 2024]. https://population.un.org/wpp

63 OMS. 2022. Ageing and health. En: OMS. [Consultado el 9 de mayo de 2024]. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing-and-health

64 Década del Envejecimiento Saludable. 2022. Decenio del envejecimiento saludable. La Plataforma. [Consultado el 25 de abril de 2024]. https://www.decadeofhealthyageing.org/es/home

65 OMS. 2024. Década del Envejecimiento Saludable (2021-2030). En: OMS. [Consultado el 25 de abril de 2024]. https://www.who.int/initiatives/decade-of-healthy-ageing

66 Hawkes, C., Ruel, M.T., Salm, L., Sinclair, B. y Branca, F. 2020. Double-duty actions: seizing programme and policy opportunities to address malnutrition in all its forms. The Lancet, 395(10218): 142-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32506-1

67 OMS. 2017. Double-duty actions for nutrition: policy brief. Ginebra (Suiza). https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-NMH-NHD-17.2

68 IFPRI (Instituto Internacional de Investigación sobre Políticas Alimentarias). 2015. Global Nutrition Report 2015: Actions and accountability to advance nutrition and sustainable development. Washington D. C. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/9780896298835

69 OMS. 2023. WHO guideline for complementary feeding of infants and young children 6–23 months of age. Ginebra (Suiza). https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240081864

70 OMS. 2023. WHO guideline on the prevention and management of wasting and nutritional oedema (acute malnutrition) in infants and children under 5 years. Ginebra (Suiza). https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240082830

71 OMS. 2019. Essential nutrition actions: mainstreaming nutrition through the life-course. Ginebra (Suiza). https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241515856

CAPÍTULO 3

1 Díaz-Bonilla, E. 2021. Financing SDG2 and ending hunger. Food Systems Summit Brief prepared by Research Partners of the Scientific Group for the Food Systems Summit, May 11th, 2021. Washington D. C., IFPRI. https://sc-fss2021.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/FSS_Brief_Financing_SDG2_and_Ending_Hunger.pdf

2 Díaz-Bonilla, E., Swinnen, J. y Vos, R. 2021. Financing the transformation to healthy, sustainable, and equitable food systems. En: 2021 Global Food Policy Report: Transforming food systems after COVID-19. págs. 20-23. Washington D. C., IFPRI. https://doi.org/10.2499/9780896293991

3 Havemann, T. y Speckhardt, C. 2020. Mobilizing additional financial resources for nutrition. Männedorf (Suiza), Clarmondial AG. https://www.shareweb.ch/site/Agriculture-and-Food-Security/focusareas/Documents/nutrition_keydocs_sdc_financing_nutrition.pdf

4 Shekar, M., Shibata Okamura, K., Gautam, M., Christiaensen, L. y Gentilini, U. 2021. Financing SDG2: Hunger and malnutrition – what will it take? En: World Bank Blogs. [Consultado el 23 de abril de 2024]. https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/voices/financing-sdg2-hunger-and-malnutrition-what-will-it-take

5 Eber-Rose, M., Laborde, D. y Murphy, S. 2020. Ending Hunger Sustainably: Trends in official development assistance (ODA) spending for agriculture. Ithaca (Estados Unidos), Cornell University; Washington, D. C., IFPRI y Winnipeg (Canadá), Instituto Internacional para el Desarrollo Sostenible. https://ceres2030.iisd.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/ceres2030-en-2020-ehs-tends-official-development-assistance-spending-for-agriculture.pdf

6 GDPRD (Plataforma Mundial de Donantes para el Desarrollo Rural). 2011. Aid to agriculture, rural development: Unpacking aid flows for enhanced transparency, accountability for rural development and food security and aid effectiveness. Bonn (Alemania).

7 Eber Rose, M., Laborde, D., Lefebvre, L., Olivetti, E. y Smaller, C. 2024. Towards a common definition of aid for food security and nutrition. Roma, FAO y Ginebra (Suiza), Shamba Centre for Food & Climate. https://doi.org/10.4060/cd1957en

8 Instituto de Desarrollo de Ultramar. 2012. Measuring aid to agriculture and food security. Londres. https://cdn.odi.org/media/documents/7588.pdf

9 ZEF (Center for Development Research of the University of Bonn) y FAO. 2020. Investment costs and policy action opportunities for reaching a world without hunger (SDG2). Joint report. Bonn (Alemania). https://doi.org/10.4060/cb1497en

10 Comisión Europea. 2016. Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council. Implementing EU food and nutrition security policy commitments: second biennial report – Annexes. Bruselas. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=SWD:2016:0155:FIN:EN:PDF

11 OCDE. 2024. Development finance data. En: OCDE. [Consultado el 9 de mayo de 2024]. https://www.oecd.org/dac/financing-sustainable-development/development-finance-data

12 Iniciativa de L’Aquila sobre la Seguridad Alimentaria Mundial. 2012. Iniciativa de L’Aquila sobre la Seguridad Alimentaria Mundial (AFSI) 2012 Report. L’Aquila (Italia). https://20092017.state.gov/documents/organization/202922.pdf

13 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PMA y UNICEF. 2017. El estado de la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición en el mundo 2017. Fomentando la resiliencia en aras de la paz y la seguridad alimentaria. Roma, FAO. https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/9de8ca8e-034f-4544-80ab-6e2accc7dc98

14 Zoubek, S., Lateef, A., Carrasco Azzini, G. y Holleman, C. (En prensa). Reorientation, innovation and the global architecture for food security and nutrition financing – Background paper for The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2024. Documento de trabajo de la División de Economía del Desarrollo Agrícola de la FAO. Roma, FAO.

15 OCDE. 2009. Government at a Glance 2009. París. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264061651-6-en

16 Perez Weigel, C. y Brun, D. 2024. Tax Foundation: Sources of Government Revenue in the OECD, 2024 Update. [Consultado el 24 de julio de 2024]. https://taxfoundation.org/data/all/global/oecd-tax-revenue-by-country-2024

17 OCDE. 2024. Official development assistance – definition and coverage. En: OCDE. [Consultado el 25 de marzo de 2024]. https://www.oecd.org/dac/financing-sustainable-development/development-finance-standards/officialdevelopmentassistancedefinitionandcoverage.htm

18 OCDE. 2024. OCDE: DAC and CRS code lists. [Consultado el 24 de julio de 2024]. https://webfs.oecd.org/oda/DataCollection/Resources/DAC-CRS-CODES.xls

19 Ofosu-Mensah Ababio, J., Aboagye, A.Q.Q., Barnor, C. y Agyei, S.K. 2022. Foreign and domestic private investment in developing and emerging economies: A review of literature. Cogent Economics & Finance, 10(1): 2132646. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2022.2132646

20 FAO. 2012. El estado mundial de la agricultura y de la alimentación 2012. Invertir en la agricultura para un futuro mejor. Roma. https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/i3028s

21 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PMA y UNICEF. 2023. El estado de la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición en el mundo 2023. Urbanización, transformación de los sistemas agroalimentarios y dietas saludables a lo largo del continuo rural-urbano. Roma, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc3017es

22 Chichaibelu, B.B., Bekchanov, M., von Braun, J. y Torero, M. 2023. The global cost of reaching a world without hunger: Investment costs and policy action opportunities. En: J. von Braun, K. Afsana, L.O. Fresco y M.H.A. Hassan (coords.). Science and Innovations for Food Systems Transformation. págs. 625-660. Cham (Suiza), Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15703-5_34

23 Gyimah-Brempong, K. y Adesugba, M. 2015. Agricultural aid and food security in Africa. https://www.aeaweb.org/conference/2016/retrieve.php?pdfid=21639&tk=EFbbTTah

24 Jensen, R.T. y Miller, N.H. 2010. A revealed preference approach to measuring hunger and undernutrition. Working Paper 16555. Cambridge (Estados Unidos de América), National Bureau of Economic Research. http://www.nber.org/papers/w16555

25 Herforth, A. 2016. Impact assessment of policies to support healthy food environments and healthy diets: Implementing the Framework for Action of the Second International Conference on Nutrition. Documento de debate del UNSCN (Comité Permanente de Nutrición de las Naciones Unidas). Ginebra (Suiza), UNSCN. https://www.unscn.org/en/unscn-publications?idnews=1279

26 GANESAN (Grupo de alto nivel de expertos en seguridad alimentaria y nutrición del Comité de Seguridad Alimentaria Mundial). 2017. La nutrición y los sistemas alimentarios. Un informe del Grupo de alto nivel de expertos en seguridad alimentaria y nutrición del Comité de Seguridad Alimentaria Mundial. Roma. https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/i7846es

27 GANESAN. 2020. Seguridad alimentaria y nutrición: elaborar una descripción global de cara a 2030. Un informe del Grupo de alto nivel de expertos en seguridad alimentaria y nutrición del Comité de Seguridad Alimentaria Mundial. Roma. https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/ca9731es

28 Kraak, V.I., Swinburn, B., Lawrence, M. y Harrison, P. 2014. An accountability framework to promote healthy food environments. Public Health Nutrition, 17(11): 2467-2483. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980014000093

29 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PMA y UNICEF. 2020. El estado de la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición en el mundo 2020. Transformación de los sistemas alimentarios para que promuevan dietas asequibles y saludables. Roma, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9692es

30 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PMA y UNICEF. 2021. El estado de la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición en el mundo 2021. Transformación de los sistemas alimentarios en aras de la seguridad alimentaria, una nutrición mejorada y dietas asequibles y saludables para todos. Roma, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb4474es

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33 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PMA y UNICEF. 2019. El estado de la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición en el mundo 2019. Protegerse frente a la desaceleración y el debilitamiento de la economía. Roma, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/CA5162ES

34 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PMA y UNICEF. 2018. El estado de la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición en el mundo 2018. Fomentando la resiliencia climática en aras de la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición. Roma, FAO. www.fao.org/3/I9553ES/i9553es.pdf

35 Centro de Coordinación de las Naciones Unidas sobre los Sistemas Alimentarios, Banco Mundial y FIDA. 2024. Tracking Financial Flows to Food Systems (3FS): Methodological approach. Roma.

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2 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PMA y UNICEF. 2022. El estado de la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición en el mundo 2022. Adaptación de las políticas alimentarias y agrícolas para hacer las dietas saludables más asequibles. Roma, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc0639es

3 Takeshima, H. 2024. Public expenditure’s role in reducing poverty and improving food and nutrition security: Cross-country evidence from SPEED data. The European Journal of Development Research. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41287-023-00623-8

4 Kasililika-Mlagha, E.C. 2021. The impact of public agriculture expenditure on food security and nutrition in the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Pretoria, University of Pretoria, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development. https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/78131/Kasililika-Mlagha_Impact_2021.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

5 Sers, C.F. y Mughal, M. 2018. From Maputo to Malabo: Public agricultural spending and food security in Africa. https://hal.science/hal-01844094

6 Miyawaki, A., Evans, C.E.L., Lucas, P.J. y Kobayashi, Y. 2021. Relationships between social spending and childhood obesity in OECD countries: An ecological study. BMJ Open, 11(2): e044205. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044205

7 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PMA y UNICEF. 2020. El estado de la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición en el mundo 2020. Transformación de los sistemas alimentarios para que promuevan dietas asequibles y saludables. Roma, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9692es

8 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PMA y UNICEF. 2023. El estado de la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición en el mundo 2023. Urbanización, transformación de los sistemas agroalimentarios y dietas saludables a lo largo del continuo rural-urbano. Roma, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc3017es

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11 Banco Mundial y Alianza Mundial de Conocimientos sobre Migración y Desarrollo. 2023. Leveraging diaspora finances for private capital mobilization. Migration and Development Brief 39. Washington D. C. https://www.knomad.org/sites/default/files/publication-doc/migration_development_brief_39_0.pdf

12 Samdrup, T., Fogarty, J., Pandit, R., Iftekhar, Md.S. y Dorjee, K. 2023. Does FDI in agriculture in developing countries promote food security? Evidence from meta-regression analysis. Economic Analysis and Policy, 80: 1255-1272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2023.10.012

13 Gilmore, A.B., Fabbri, A., Baum, F., Bertscher, A., Bondy, K., Chang, H.-J., Demaio, S. et al. 2023. Defining and conceptualising the commercial determinants of health. The Lancet, 401(10383): 1194-1213. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00013-2

14 Cuevas García-Dorado, S., Cornselsen, L., Smith, R. y Walls, H. 2019. Economic globalization, nutrition and health: a review of quantitative evidence. Globalization and Health, 15(1): 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-019-0456-z

15 Slater, S., Lawrence, M., Wood, B., Serodio, P. y Baker, P. 2024. Corporate interest groups and their implications for global food governance: mapping and analysing the global corporate influence network of the transnational ultra-processed food industry. Globalization and Health, 20(1): 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-024-01020-4

16 Lane, M.M., Gamage, E., Du, S., Ashtree, D.N., McGuinness, A.J., Gauci, S., Baker, P. et al. 2024. Ultra-processed food exposure and adverse health outcomes: Umbrella review of epidemiological meta-analyses. BMJ, 384: e077310. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2023-077310

17 Monteiro, C.A., Martínez-Steele, E. y Cannon, G. 2024. Reasons to avoid ultra-processed foods. BMJ, 384: q439. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.q439

18 Bandy, L., Jewell, J., Luick, M., Rayner, M., Li, Y., Shats, K., Jebb, S., Chang, S. y Dunford, E. 2023. The development of a method for the global health community to assess the proportion of food and beverage companies’ sales that are derived from unhealthy foods. Globalization and Health, 19(1): 94. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-023-00992-z

19 Fardet, A. y Rock, E. 2020. Ultra-processed foods and food system sustainability: What are the links? Sustainability, 12(15): 6280. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12156280

20 Anastasiou, K., Baker, P., Hadjikakou, M., Hendrie, G.A. y Lawrence, M. 2022. A conceptual framework for understanding the environmental impacts of ultra-processed foods and implications for sustainable food systems. Journal of Cleaner Production, 368: 133155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133155

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26 FAO. 2024. FAOSTAT: Reserva de capital. [Consultado el 24 de julio de 2024]. https://www.fao.org/faostat/es/#data/CS. Licencia: CC-BY-4.0.

27 Sánchez, M.V. y Cicowiez, M. 2014. Trade-offs and payoffs of investing in human development. World Development, 62: 14-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.04.012

28 FAO. 2015. Objetivo Hambre cero. El papel decisivo de las inversiones en la protección social y la agricultura. Roma. https://www.fao.org/3/i4951s/i4951s.pdf

29 Mason-D’Croz, D., Sulser, T.B., Wiebe, K., Rosegrant, M.W., Lowder, S.K., Nin-Pratt, A., Willenbockel, D. et al. 2019. Agricultural investments and hunger in Africa modeling potential contributions to SDG2 – Zero Hunger. World Development, 116: 38-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.12.006

30 Laborde, D., Bizikova, L., Lallemant, T. y Smaller, C. 2016. Ending hunger: What would it cost? Winnipeg (Canadá) y Washington D. C., IFPRI e Instituto Internacional para el Desarrollo Sostenible. https://www.iisd.org/system/files/publications/ending-hunger-what-would-it-cost.pdf

31 Laborde, D., Murphy, S., Parent, M., Porciello, J. y Smaller, C. 2020. Ceres2030: Sustainable solutions to end hunger – Summary report. Cornell University, IFPRI e Instituto Internacional para el Desarrollo Sostenible. https://ceres2030.iisd.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/ceres2030_en-summary-report.pdf

32 FAO y ZEF. 2020. Investment costs and policy action opportunities for reaching a world without hunger (SDG2). Joint report. Bonn (Alemania). https://doi.org/10.4060/cb1497en

33 Shekar, M., Kakietek, J., Dayton Eberwein, J. y Walters, D. 2017. An investment framework for nutrition: Reaching the global targets for stunting, anemia, breastfeeding, and wasting. Washington D. C., Banco Mundial. https://hdl.handle.net/10986/26069

34 Development Initiatives. 2021. 2021 Global Nutrition Report: The state of global nutrition. Bristol (Reino Unido). https://globalnutritionreport.org/documents/851/2021_Global_Nutrition_Report_aUfTRv0.pdf

35 Laborde, D. y Torero, M. 2023. Modeling actions for transforming agrifood systems. En: J. von Braun, K. Afsana, L.O. Fresco y M.H.A. Hassan (coords.). Science and Innovations for Food Systems Transformation. págs. 105-132. Cham (Suiza) Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15703-5_7

36 PMA. 2023. Estimating the food security impact of cuts in PMA assistance: A look at the highly affected operations using micro-data. Roma. https://docs.PMA.org/api/documents/PMA-0000152402/download

37 Red de Información sobre Seguridad Alimentaria y Red mundial contra las crisis alimentarias. 2024. Global Report on Food Crises 2024. Roma. https://www.fsinplatform.org/report/global-report-food-crises-2024

38 Lischer, S.K. 2017. The global refugee crisis: Regional destabilization & humanitarian protection. Daedalus, 146(4): 85-97. https://doi.org/10.1162/DAED_a_00461

39 Haer, R. y Hecker, T. 2019. Recruiting refugees for militarization: The determinants of mobilization attempts. Journal of Refugee Studies, 32(1): 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fey002

40 Salehyan, I. 2018. The strategic case for refugee resettlement. Washington D. C., Niskanen Center. https://www.niskanencenter.org/wp-content/uploads/old_uploads/2018/09/NC-Refugee-Paper-SalehyanElec_FINAL.pdf

41 Milner, J. 2019. Refugees, peacebuilding, and paternalism: Lessons from Mozambique. En: M. Bradley, J. Milner & B. Peruniak (coords.). Refugees’ roles in resolving displacement and building peace: Beyond beneficiaries. págs. 115-131. Washington D. C., Georgetown University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvfrxq90.11

42 Omata, N. 2015. Displacement economies in Africa: Paradoxes of crisis and creativity. Journal of Refugee Studies, 28(4): 597-599. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fev026

43 IDMC (Observatorio de Desplazamiento Interno). 2023. 2023 Global Report on Internal Displacement. Ginebra (Suiza). https://www.internal-displacement.org/global-report/grid2023

44 ACNUR (Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados). 2023. Global trends. En: ACNUR. [Consultado el 24 de abril de 2024]. https://www.unhcr.org/global-trends

45 PMA. 2017. 2017 - At the root of exodus: Food security, conflict and international migration. Roma. https://www.wfp.org/publications/2017-root-exodus-food-security-conflict-and-international-migration

46 OCDE. 2024. ODA levels in 2023 – preliminary data. Detailed summary note. París. https://www.oecd.org/dac/ODA-summary-2023.pdf

47 Akseer, N., Tasic, H., Nnachebe Onah, M., Wigle, J., Rajakumar, R., Sanchez-Hernandez, D., Akuoku, J. et al. 2022. Economic costs of childhood stunting to the private sector in low- and middle-income countries. eClinicalMedicine, 45: 101320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101320

48 CUA (Comisión de la Unión Africana) y COHA (Cost of Hunger in Africa). 2020. The cost of hunger in Africa (COHA) continental report. Social and economic impact of child undernutrition. https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/41660-doc-COHA_CONTINENTAL_REPORTEnglish20211.pdf

49 Federación Mundial de la Obesidad. 2023. World Obesity Atlas 2023. Londres. https://data.worldobesity.org/publications/WOF-Obesity-Atlas-V5.pdf

50 Okunogbe, A., Nugent, R., Spencer, G., Powis, J., Ralston, J. y Wilding, J. 2022. Economic impacts of overweight and obesity: current and future estimates for 161 countries. BMJ Global Health, 7(9): e009773. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009773

51 Brero, M., Meyer, C.L., Jackson-Morris, A., Spencer, G., Ludwig-Borycz, E., Wu, D., Espinosa De Candido, A.F. et al. 2023. Investment case for the prevention and reduction of childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity in Mexico. Obesity Reviews, 24(9): e13595. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13595

52 Ma, G., Meyer, C.L., Jackson-Morris, A., Chang, S., Narayan, A., Zhang, M., Wu, D. et al. 2024. The return on investment for the prevention and treatment of childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity in China: a modelling study. The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific, 43: 100977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100977

53 Food and Land Use Coalition. 2019. Growing better: Ten critical transitions to transform food and land use. https://www.foodandlandusecoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/FOLU-GrowingBetter-GlobalReport.pdf

54 FAO, FIDA, OMS, PMA y UNICEF. 2023. El estado de la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición en el mundo 2023. Urbanización, transformación de los sistemas agroalimentarios y dietas saludables a lo largo del continuo rural-urbano. Roma, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc3017es

55 Foster, V., Rana, A. y Gorgulu, N. 2022. Understanding public spending trends for infrastructure in developing countries. Policy Research Working Paper 9903. Washington D. C., Banco Mundial. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/727991642167519238/pdf/Understanding-Public-Spending-Trends-for-Infrastructure-in-Developing-Countries.pdf

56 Banco Mundial. 2022. Tanzania Agriculture Public Expenditure Review 2022. Washington D. C. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099940006282220953/pdf/P1770630615f6e0e0bd4f0286e88583775.pdf

57 FAO, PNUD y PNUMA. 2021. A multi-billion-dollar opportunity – Repurposing agricultural support to transform food systems. In brief. Roma, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb6562en

58 Gautam, M., Mamun, A., Martin, W. y Vos, R. 2022. Repurposing agricultural policies and support: Options to transform agriculture and food systems to better serve the health of people, economies, and the planet. Washington D. C., Banco Mundial. https://hdl.handle.net/10986/36875

59 Sánchez, M.V., Cicowiez, M., Pernechele, V. y Battaglia, L. (En prensa). The opportunity cost of not optimally repurposing public expenditure in food and agriculture in sub-Saharan African countries – Background paper for The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2024. Documento de trabajo de la División de Economía del Desarrollo Agrícola de la FAO. Roma, FAO.

60 Sánchez, M.V. y Cicowiez, M. 2022. Repurposing agriculture’s public budget to align healthy diets affordability and agricultural transformation objectives in Ethiopia – Background paper for The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2022. Documento de trabajo de la División de Economía del Desarrollo Agrícola de la FAO 22-04. Roma, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc1174en

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2 AIF (Asociación Internacional de Fomento). 2024. What Is IDA? En: AIF. [Consultado el 26 de abril de 2024]. https://ida.worldbank.org/en/about

3 DAES. 2024. LDC identification criteria & indicators. En: Naciones Unidas. [Consultado el 9 de mayo de 2024]. https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category/ldc-criteria.html

4 FNUDC (Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo de la Capitalización). 2024. What We Do – Mobilizing and deploying impact capital for development in the LDCs is more critical now than ever. En: FNUDC. [Consultado el 9 de mayo de 2024]. https://www.uncdf.org/whatwedo

5 FMI. 2018. Guidance note on the bank-fund Debt Sustainability Framework for Low Income Countries. Washington D. C. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Policy-Papers/Issues/2018/02/14/pp122617guidance-note-on-lic-dsf

6 Mustapha, S. y Prizzon, A. 2018. Africa’s rising debt: How to avoid a new crisis. Briefing note. Londres, ODI. https://cdn.odi.org/media/documents/12491.pdf

7 Robertson, F. 2024. Urgent solutions for a new era of debt distress. En: ONE Data & Analysis. [Consultado el 9 de mayo de 2024]. https://data.one.org/data-dives/debt

8 Landers, C. y Aboneaaj, R. 2022. How the global debt crisis could make the hunger crisis worse. En: Center for Global Development. [Consultado el 26 de abril de 2024]. https://www.cgdev.org/blog/how-global-debt-crisis-could-make-hunger-crisis-worse

9 Banco Mundial. 2020. Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA). Washington D. C. https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/b8464ff32b31e488bd3aec5437c3cc92-0290032021/original/CPIAFAQ2020.pdf

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11 Drummond, P., Daal, W., Srivastava, N. y Oliveira, L.E. 2012. Mobilizing revenue in sub-Saharan Africa: Empirical norms and key determinants. Washington D. C., FMI. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2016/12/31/Mobilizing-Revenue-in-Sub-Saharan-Africa-Empirical-Norms-and-Key-Determinants-25882

12 Zouhaier, A. 2019. The role of political instability and corruption on foreign direct investment in the MENA region. Faculty of Economic and Management of Sousse University, Susa, Túnez. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/95732/1/MPRA_paper_95732.pdf

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25 Morrissey, O. 2015. Aid and government fiscal behavior: Assessing recent evidence. World Development, 69: 98-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.12.008

26 Mawejje, J. y Sebudde, R.K. 2019. Tax revenue potential and effort: Worldwide estimates using a new dataset. Economic Analysis and Policy, 63: 119-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2019.05.005

27 Ajaz, T. y Ahmad, E. 2010. The effect of corruption and governance on tax revenues. The Pakistan Development Review, 49(4): 405-417. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41428665

28 McNabb, K., Danquah, M. y Tagem, A.M.E. 2021. Tax effort revisited: New estimates from the Government Revenue Dataset. WIDER Working Paper n.o 2021/170. Helsinki, UNU-WIDER (Universidad de las Naciones Unidas, Instituto Mundial de Investigaciones de Economía del Desarrollo). https://doi.org/10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2021/110-5

29 Ullah, S., Luo, R., Ali, K. e Irfan, M. 2023. How does the sectoral composition of FDI induce economic growth in developing countries? The key role of business regulations. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 36(2): 2129406. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2022.2129406

30 Dhahri, S. y Omri, A. 2020. Does foreign capital really matter for the host country agricultural production? Evidence from developing countries. Review of World Economics, 156(1): 153-181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10290-019-00361-2

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ANEXOS

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2 FAO. 2014. Advances in hunger measurement: traditional FAO methods and recent innovations. Serie de documentos de trabajo de la Division de Estadistica de la FAO n.o 14-04. Roma. www.fao.org/3/i4060e/i4060e.pdf

3 Grupo independiente de científicos designados por el Secretario General. 2019. Global Sustainable Development Report 2019: the future is now – science for achieving sustainable development. Nueva York (Estados Unidos de América), ONU. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/24797GSDR_report_2019.pdf

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7 FAO. 2023. Situación Alimentaria Mundial. En: FAO. [Consultado el 11 de mayo de 2023]. https://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/es

8 Meybeck, A., Cederberg, C., Gustavsson, J., Van Otterdijk, R. y Sonesson, U. 2011. Pérdidas y desperdicio de alimentos en el mundo. Roma, FAO. https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/i2697s

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11 Banco Mundial. 2024. International Comparison Program (ICP). En: Banco Mundial. [Consultado el 29 de mayo de 2024]. https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/icp

12 Banco Mundial. 2024. World Bank DataBank: World Development Indicators. [Consultado el 14 de marzo de 2024]. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators

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